ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb00188.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although the opportunity for empirical investigation of the influence of computers on social norms, roles, and expectations in specific settings is relatively recent, the potential social impacts of the computer have been debated for 30 years. The foundations of discussions of the social effects of computers were founded on prophecies. These prophecies were influenced by an unrealistic perception of the computer as a “thinking machine,” value judgments about computing, and concurrent sociocultural concerns. Experience, meaning both the collective experience of participants in computing as well as a sprinkling of empirical studies, tended to disconfirm prophecies and to expose other issues related to the social context in which computers were used. Privacy, education, and employment issues are discussed as examples demonstrating this pattern. Informed choices about the use of computers in social contexts involve increasing the number and diversity of people participating in computer use and discussions about computing, developing criteria for making choices about how computers should be used, and undertaking systematic resea

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb00189.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper applies a cultural perspective to the problem of introducing novices to a new technology: computing. We suggest a general model of initial socialization composed of reality shock, confusion, and attempts at control. Cultural values and ideas contribute to the settings in which this socialization takes place, and one result of this socialization process consists of either cultural recruits or cultural dropouts. In a two‐part study exploring the nature of novice encounters with computing in one university setting, reality shock and confusion were quite high and attempts at control were often unsuccessful. In this study when novices encountered computing, they learned more than skills: they learned cultural lessons. Novices acquired perceptions of the social organization of computing; they learned “we‐they” distinctions and language; they learned values. This cultural learning, we think, will magnify differential outcomes of organizational socialization to co

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb00190.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The experimental research approach has some limitations when used to understand the effects of the recent introduction of computers on the social context of classrooms. Rather than looking for effects per se, an alternate framework is used to study the places and processes of change that accompany the use of new technologies. The authors outline two critical elements of the process by which computers are incorporated into the social context of the classroom. First, teachers' interpretations of the meaning of the software–its purpose and value, and whether it has a legitimate relationship to traditional curricular areas and modes of learning – will play a central role in how and whether computers become an integral part of the classroom. Second, teachers' and students' views regarding the new kinds of learning interactions often arising when working with computers, namely, the legitimacy of collaborative work and child experts, will also have a powerful influence in shaping the role of computers. The paper concludes with a discussion of how computers may enable teachers and students to learn new things about and through the technology, as well as provide opportunities for rethinking the learning agendas and the organization of learning interactions currently employed by scho

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb00191.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The use of computers changes the way that individuals relate to one another and to organizations, and it may appear to change rights and responsibilities in these relationships. There is a sharp distinction between the empirical questions and the normative questions that might be raised about the use of computers. It is argued that philosophical, ethical analysis is needed when the moral rules relevant to a situation are not obvious, or when several moral principles come into conflict. Three such areas center around rules regarding property, privacy, and power. Issues surrounding rights of ownership of computer programs are explored; the effects of increasing use of computers on personal privacy and organizational power are examined; and effects on the distribution of power are considered.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb00192.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines three models of social control processes in computerized work settings. Two models, the management control model and the professional negotiations model, are derived from other analysts' conceptions. The third model, the institutional control model, is new. The models differ in their conception of the flexibility of norms, the proximity of social control agents to other participants, and the patterns of information flow in a system. We examine the explanatory value of these models in light of an intensive study of one complex organization. A set of episodes concerning one recurrent dilemma reported by information system users, the maintenance of accurate data, illustrates the usefulness of the institutional negotiations model. Control is exercised by many actors in a complex social fabric rather than simply through vertical management control or through lateral work relationships. Participation in a larger, institutionalized world of computer use defines work activities, and it subjects users, regardless of their position in the hierarchy, to tighter social controls than is suggested by the other models.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb00193.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The term telecommuting refers to the substitution of telecommunications technology for physical travel to a central work location; it usually implies that the person is working in the home. This paper reviews organizational arrangements which allow employees to work at home on a regular basis as a substitute for attendance at the normal workplace. Two extreme cases of the implementation of such an arrangement are described. In the first, where the employee has a skill in demand and a job that is characterized by complexity and autonomy, work at home reinforces the individual's autonomy and self‐control over the work. In the second case, where the employee's skill is not in demand and he or she has few other work options due to nonwork (i.e., family) constraints, the job is designed to reduce individual autonomy and may involve reduced compensation relative to comparable work performed on‐site. Based on interviews with employees working at home, we examine the effects of work at home on the relationship between the employee and employer, the connection between work and nonwork domains, and gender issues. We tentatively conclude that work at home will not become a widespread trend, but there is sufficient interest in its use as a flexible work option in special cases that it should be examined more clos

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb00194.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mobile data terminals, a relatively recent computer development, allow police officers immediate access to crime‐relevant data bases from within their patrol vehicles. This article summarizes the results of an investigation of the first system of this type in Canada. Through a multimethodological approach involving interviews, questionnaires, observations of the system in use, and analysis of archival data, the evaluation focused on attitudes of officers toward the system, their subjective evaluation of the system's advantages and limitations, the comparative role a system of this type plays vis‐à‐vis their other primary mode of communication, i.e., radio, and on the implications of such a system for policing. Officers were generally enthused about the system and reported increased job satisfaction as a function of its introduction, but exhibited some collective ambivalence regarding implications of the system, particularly in terms of police safety and its impact on police‐community int

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb00195.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Computer‐based conferencing is a form of computer‐mediated communication which supports group discussion. This report describes the reaction of scientists who participated in such a conference and were asked to comment on the technology itself and on the scientific value of the exercise. While 78% indicated that they would participate in other computer‐based conferences, they also identified improvements that they would like to see. Scientists from developing countries were concerned primarily with technical problems because their capability for on‐line participation was low; most received the transcript in the mail and sent their contributions by TELEX. However, the problems identified by the industralized‐country participants require social, not technical, solutions. These scientists were concerned about the lack of contribution of others, the quality of the information that was presented, and the lack of focus or direction to the conference. They saw little of value contributed by others, but were also reluctant to contribute themselves to such an open conference. These concerns are described and related to a number of topics in social psychology such as equity, leadership, and communication

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb00196.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Computers, like all other tools, inevitably create new problems as they are applied to solve existing ones. At least three of these problems are germane to psychology: the use of computers for ulterior purposes, the proliferation of informational waste, and the erosion of ignorance as an excuse for misconduct. Such problems created by computer solutions can explain the difference between optimistic prophecies about computing and recent computing experience. They cannot be solved by further applications of computers–indeed, they will limit the utility of further applications and eventually halt the growth of computing. The role of psychology in addressing these problems is discusse

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb00197.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY