摘要:

This issue reflects the growing awareness of “shibboleths and lacunae (Laws, 1969)” in the study of women, and includes some of the recent attempts to correct these. The issue focusses on methodological and theoretical criticism, analysis of female stereotypes and roles, and achievement and achievement motivation in women. The feminist movement which is responsible for these new perspectives on women also raises fundamental questions regarding present institutions like the family, and provides fresh views on such vital issues as peace, racism, population, and environm

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00014.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper addresses the neglect of work on feminine psychology as a symptom of the far broader impoverishment of contemporary work in personality. Bakan's concepts of agency and communion are invoked toward understanding the constraints imposed by current research paradigms. Agentic (masculine) modes of inquiry involving manipulation, quantification, and control need to be complemented by the communal (feminine) research styles (naturalistic, qualitative, open) developed in other disciplines. Three issues are proposed for research in personality: duality in human nature, typology and qualitative patterning and biological bases of personality. These issues are consonant with the nature of feminity, engage the talents of female investigators, and could foster development of the new research paradigms required for serious inquiry in personality. Suggestions for conceptual elaboration and empirical research are proposed.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00015.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During the 1950s there was an effort to assimilate the idea that a married woman could work if her family came first. Women with genuine career interest were described as both rare and maladjusted; research data were interpreted as supporting this negative view. Today there is a decrease in the emphasis on motherhood and a new look at career women. Even women who matured in an earlier day have been favorably described in research findings. Current research gives a more differentiated view of the personality of career women, analyzes the institutional arrangements and prejudiced attitudes which handicap women, and reappraises the concepts of masculine and feminine characteristics and their roles in the personality.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00016.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Literary historians maintain that women have never contributed significantly to the German drama. Facts, however, point clearly to the opposite. Indeed, the first known German dramatist (10th century) was a woman! Two major causes for the lack of historic recognition are: (a) prejudice that women are incapable of good dramatic production, (b) underrating of plays because professional critics —traditionally men — have used male psychology as the criterion for judging female characters in plays by women. A revaluation of women's contributions to drama is imperat

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00017.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Consensus about the differing characteristics of men and women exists across groups differing in sex, age, marital status, and education. Masculine characteristics are positively valued more often than feminine characteristics. Positively‐valued masculine traits form a cluster entailing competence; positively‐valued feminine traits reflect warmth‐expressiveness. Sex‐role definitions are incorporated into the self‐concepts of both men and women; moreover, these sex‐role differences are considered desirable by college students and healthy by mental health professionals. Individual differences in sex related self‐concepts are related to sex‐role relevant behaviors such as achieved and ideal family size. Sex‐role perceptions also vary as a function of ma

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00018.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sex‐role concepts of 162 senior college women are explored in relationship to ego strength, happiness, and achievement plans. The majority of women believe it possible to assume the roles of wife and mother while concomitantly pursuing extra‐familial interests. Neither happiness nor the establishing of relationships with men differentiated women traditional in sex‐role orientation from women primarily interested in realizing their own potential. Differences in ego strength were found to be associated with plans for marriage and career: Subjects who obtained the highest ego‐strength scores were actively pursuing both objectives. The latter finding suggests that ego strength may be negatively related to the adoption of the traditional female sex‐role.The traditional conceptions of masculine and feminine are [assumed to be] inappropriate to the kind of world we can live in in the second half of the twentieth century. An androgynous conception of sex role means that each sex will cultivate some of the characteristics usually associated with the other in traditional sex role definitions … tenderness and expressiveness should be cultivated in boys and socially approved in men … [and]achievement need, workmanship and constructive aggression should be cultivated in girls and approved in women [Rossi,

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00019.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Debate on the position of women and men in Scandinavian society reached Finland in 1965. Since then the roles of men and women have been actively discussed in the mass media, and a state committee report on the position of women was presented in 1970. Though Finnish women are internationally seen as emancipated there are still many practical problems with regard to the position of both women and men.Attitudes concerning various aspects of sex‐roles, surveyed in 1960 and 1970, have in general changed toward a more egalitarian viewpoint. However, half of the male respondents still think that household tasks should be left to women. Further, though it seems to be accepted that women should have an opportunity to occupy leading positions, a great majority of both men and women still state that they prefer jobs with male superiors. Personally held attitudes have thus remained more traditional than the more superficial ones. Popular movements like the current sex‐role debate seem to have an effect on general public opinion, but deeper attitudes and actual behavior may be more difficult to cha

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00020.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Based on fertility surveys conducted in seven Latin American cities, this study examines the proposition that the crucial variable determining the relationship between maternal employment and fertility may be the extent of incompatibility between joint occupancy of the roles of mother and worker. Where these two roles are incompatible, female employees should have fewer children than the nonemployed. Two structural aspects of role incompatibility (employment outside the home and white collar employment) are related to fertility in most cities. The number of hours employed outside the home is usually unrelated to fertility. Many of the relationships are simply due to more education and greater approval of nondomestic activities among employed wives. The wife's motivation for employment, her education, and her preferred role seem to exert greater influence on her fertility than her actual role of employee or homemaker. A significant finding of the research is the role of individual city and the ecological conditions operative within each.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00021.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research findings in child development are reviewed to shed light on female achievement motives. It is suggested that females have high needs for affiliation which influence their achievement motives and behavior, sometimes enhancing and sometimes blocking them. Since girls as compared to boys have less encouragement for independence, more parental protectiveness, less pressure for establishing an identity separate from the mother, and less mother‐child conflict which highlights this separation, they engage in less independent exploration of their environments. As a result they develop neither adequate skills nor confidence but continue to be dependent upon others. Thus while boys learn effectance through mastery, the effectiveness of girls is contingent on elicting the help of others. Affective relationships are paramount in females and much of their achievement behavior is motivated by a desire to please. If achievement threatens affiliation, performance may be sacrificed or anxiety may resul

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00022.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The motive to avoid success is conceptualized within the framework of an expectancy‐value theory of motivation. It is identified as an internal psychological representative of the dominant societal stereotype which views competence, independence, competition, and intellectual achievement as qualities basically inconsistent with femininity even though positively related to masculinity and mental health. The expectancy that success in achievement‐related situations will be followed by negative consequences arouses fear of success in otherwise achievement‐motivated women which then inhibits their performance and levels of aspiration. The incidence of fear of success is considered as a function of the age, sex, and educational and occupational level of subjects tested between 1964 and 1971. Impairment of the educational and interpersonal functioning of those high in fear of success is noted and consequences for both the individual and society are disc

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00023.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY