ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb00114.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Societies have usually regulated the use of drug substances with differences in rules of usage for men and women. This paper explores the political and historical factors contributing to this difference. Gender is linked to the use of drugs for therapeutic or recreational purposes and there seems to be greater social sanction for medicinal use for women. Women are bigger users of psychoactive drugs. Some possible reasons discussed are women's physiology, the relative health status of men and women, different aspects of sexually assigned role, and socially determined double standards in substances prescribed and proscribed. Women and alcohol in the U.S. history are traced from colonial days through the temperance movement to the present.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb00115.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research focuses on sex differences in teenage marijuana, alcohol and cigarette use. The population consisted of the 705 first‐graders of Woodlawn (a poor black Chicago neighborhood) who were assessed in first grade in 1966–1967 and reassessed ten years later. Teenage males reported more use of marijuana and alcohol than females but males and females reported similar use of cigarettes. We examined these sex differences from two theoretical perspectives, social adaptation and social bonds. The former refers to the success or failure of an individual in meeting the social task demands in a specific social field at a specific stage of life. The latter is concerned with the attachment or commitment of an individual to social institutions such as family, school, and peers. Since we found important sex differences in the antecedent, concurrent and mediating variables relating to adolescent substance use, we conclude that further study of substance use should focus on male and female differences, and that at least some of the origins of substance use differ for males and fema

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb00116.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article examines gender differences in socialization experiences and family dynamics of heroin addicted women and men. While problems do exist in the families of drug addicts, these data indicate a lack of severe pathology in family functioning. However, the existing familial conflicts suggest important gender differences in retrospective perceptions. Initial drug use for women was more closely related to interpersonal affiliative issues. Women who use heroin are more likely to seek out an addict peer group because of poor self‐image and as a reaction to an unhappy family situation. Men, in contrast, experienced the greatest difficulty in their early years with extra‐familial forces, such as school, poverty and peers. Peer group activity was a more important influence on the male addicts' initial drug use. Men were also significantly more likely to report using alcohol and illegal drugs for peer acceptance. Both groups described their mothers more positively than their fathers, with men reporting the most postitve attitudes towards mother. Both addicted men and women need assistance in working through early relationships and in developing realistic vocational goals. These results also indicate the need for family members to participate in drug rehabilitat

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb00117.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Women use more legal drugs of all types (preventive, curative, prescription, nonprescription) than men do. This paper studies personal characteristics that encourage drug use by adults and how those characteristics help explain women's greater use. Data are from a general population survey of white adults in metropolitan Detroit, which has information on drug use from health interviews and also from health diaries kept for six weeks. Results show that morbidity is the strongest predictor of both curative and preventive use for adults. Age ranks second (older people use more drugs), and inability to ignore symptoms ranks third. Disruptive events, feelings of helplessness about life, poor self‐rated health, and recent stress also boost drug use to a smaller extent. Personal characteristics are not only crucial to explaining day‐to‐day drug use by women and men, but also to accounting for sex differences in use. Detroit women's drug use is 50–80% greater than men's. The women also tend to have personal characteristics that boost drug use. When those characteristics are statistically controlled, the sex differences in drug use diminish. This is especially true for curative use, because it is so strongly affected by morbidity and women report much greater morbidity than men do. Structural characteristics (features of health services, medical care practice, health insurance, drug industry) are not measured in the data, but they are probably important too since people's ability to obtain prescriptions and to purchase drugs ultimately affects their daily d

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb00118.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study compares the mothering attitudes, experiences and self‐perceptions of 170 women in treatment for heroin addiction with those of 175 non‐addicted women of similar socio‐economic status. The interviews reveal very little difference between addicted mothers and their non‐addicted counterparts in their perceptions of how having children changes a woman's life, the nicest and worst things about having children, and good and bad reasons for having children. Addicted and non‐addicted mothers do not differ in their feelings toward and perceptions of their own children, nor in most of the activities they engage in with their children. Heroin addicted mothers express more doubts about their adequacy as mothers and their ability to control or influence their children. Concerns about maternal adequacy pervade their responses. Addicted women receive as much social support for childrearing as non‐addicted women, but rely more often than non‐addicted women on their own mothers for assistance. A significant number of the addicted women bore children before they began using heroin suggesting that researchers and treatment personnel should emphasize needs of older children and their addicted mothers as well as problems of fetuses and neonates exposed to heroin in utero. Suggestions for treatment prog

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb00119.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Alcohol consumption and problems with alcohol were compared for men and women in a secondary analysis of national data from approximately 1,000 men and 1,000 women. For both men and women, the divorced and unemployed had the highest rates of consumption and problems, with employed women not far behind. However, employed women who are married showed significantly higher rates than single employed women or married women not employed outside the home. These results were interpreted in terms of sex role stereotyping and discrimination leading to stresses for women in non‐traditional roles, and possible role conflict between demands of marriage and employment due to lack of external supports for women in those role

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb00120.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper addresses two issues: (a) the utility of applying the social support‐stress‐coping paradigm to the study of substance abuse, and (b) refinements needed in conceptualization of the coping aspect of the model. A brief review of the more recent theoretical and methodological treatments of social support is followed by an examination of two limitations of current perspectives. The first limitation considered is the failure of previous work to address the behavioral components of the hypothesized connection between social support and stress reduction, and the second is the lack of “bidirectionality” in social support models. Data from a study of heroin addicted women is used to illustrate how refinements in the coping aspect of the model, in particular, may help clarify the role of social support in stress reduction. Findings included the indication that, for heroin addicted women, the absence of social support is associated with the use of non‐social, potentially dysfunctional coping strategies. A similar pattern did not exis

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb00121.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article presents a theoretical model of the treatment utilization process which assumes that individual predisposing factors, perceptions and beliefs, personal enabling traits, social enabling characteristics, and structural features of treatment services all affect the alcoholic's ability to secure and propensity to use services. This theoretical model is used to describe characteristics of women alcoholics and the treatment delivery system that may serve as barriers to treatment for women. Results of a study of the structural characteristics of 53 alcoholism treatment facilities in two California counties showed women congregate in agencies that hire more professionals, provide treatment for children, and provide after‐care service

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb00122.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Despite the conventional wisdom that defining a problem is an essential step in determining a solution, social problem definitions often obscure strategies for ameliorating problems. A review of social research designed to illuminate our definition of substance abuse reveals the way in which historical and political factors have modified the definition of substance abuse problems over time. Treatment and prevention strategies based on these problem definitions are vulnerable to the same influences. A review of explanations of substance abuse among women shows that they have been limited by the same narrow prescriptions that have been applied to women's behavior more generally. This means, for example, that drug treatment programs have focused on improving vocational skills for men and social skills for women. This paper suggests an alternative starting point for the design of effective services. It is suggested that successive, limited comparisons of actual intervention efforts—particularly those designed with the participation of clients or ex‐clients—is a superior method for determining appropriate services for drug‐using women. Based on findings from evaluations of special drug treatment programs for women, three strategies are discussed for implementing this evaluation feedback approach to program

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb00123.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY