摘要:

The natural environment is a topic of increasing importance, and themes of justice are increasingly relevant to that topic. This introduction to the special issue on Green Justice will describe the ways in which justice issues relate to the natural environment. It will discuss some of the overarching questions with regard to justice and the natural environment, as well as suggest some of the ways in which this area can be studied. Finally, it will orient the reader toward the remaining papers in the volume by defining the scheme underlying their order as well as briefly describing each paper.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02416.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Arguments over issues with environmental implications are increasingly salient in the public arena, and appeals to justice are made by both those who favor and those who oppose environmental regulations. But can justice really be claimed by each side with equal plausibility? The concept of justice can be defined in different ways, which may tend to favor one side or the other. Although there is a high degree of variability among the arguments presented, the environmental crisis seems most generally to pit justice for the individual, or microjustice, against justice for a larger group, or macrojustice. The present article examines the evidence for this, and reports the results of a study examining appeals to different principles of justice. Subjects were asked to evaluate arguments based on microjustice principles, such as procedural justice, or macrojustice principles, such as equality and responsibility, by each side of the environmental debate. Although pro‐environmental arguments received stronger ratings overall, it was also found, as expected, that appeals based on procedural justice were relatively stronger when phrased in terms of an anti‐environmental stance, and other arguments were relatively stronger for the pro‐environmental pos

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02417.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Women's attitudes toward the environment were explored in relation to Robert Kegan's model of ego development, using a randomly selected sample of 27 women aged 40 to 49 from a Massachusetts town. Ways of thinking about the environment were differentiated qualitatively according to ego stage. Illustrations of stage distinctions focused on the women's feelings of relationship or connection to the environment and on their presented rationale for their environmentally related behaviors. Implications of stage distinctions to educational efforts and to conceptualizations of justice are discussed.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02418.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Our attitudes and behavior toward the natural world depend on our scope of justice, the psychological boundary within which considerations of fairness and moral rules govern our conduct. Because the natural world is often excluded from the scope of justice, “depletion” resulting from the economic utilization of land, water, air, and animal and plant “resources” is perceived as acceptable and inevitable. To examine the prediction that perceived similarity, utility, and neediness will indirectly affect environmental protection, mediated by the scope of justice, 432 high school students allocated a resource to a beetle and rated attitudes that delineated their scope of justice. Multiple regression mediation analysis indicated that the scope of justice mediated the effect of neediness and one aspect of similarity, perceived intelligence, on environmental protection. Perceived neediness predicted inclusion and protection but, contrary to expectation, intelligence predicted exclusion from the scope of justice and an unprotective environmental stance. A second aspect of similarity, perceived complexity, predicted inclusion in the scope of justice but not environmental protection. Utility had a strong, direct influence on environmental protection. Implications for justice theory and for policy are di

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02419.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article describes and presents initial empirical tests of a theory that links values, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior within a preference construction framework that emphasizes the activation of personal environmental norms. Environmental concern is related to egoistic, social‐altruistic, and biospheric value orientations and also to beliefs about the consequences of environmental changes for valued objects. Two studies generally support the hypothesized relationships and demonstrate links to the broader theory of values. However, the biospheric value orientation postulated in the theoretical literature on environmentalism does not differentiate from social‐altruism in a general population sample. Results are discussed in terms of value change, the role of social structural factors (including gender) in environmentalism, theories of risk perception, and the mobilization strategies of social movements, including environmental justice moveme

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02420.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A taxonomy of values that specifies three domains (i.e., economic, social, and universal) was developed and used to explore the influence personal values have on people's decisions when placed in ecological dilemmas. Hypothetical scenarios, which pitted economic need against environmental preservation, were used to elicit individual decisions. The influence of economic and social conditions was also experimentally tested. Results from 144 University students show that subjects who embrace a universal value orientation were consistently more prone to endorse environmentally protective actions than were economically‐oriented subjects. The decisions of socially‐oriented subjects varied according to the “social justice” aspect of the situation. Furthermore, only the decisions of economically‐oriented subjects were influenced by changes in the economic condition of the situation. Implications for contending with current ecological dilemmas are

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02421.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this article, we explore generally the extent to which individuals apply values and ethical principles in a consistent way across different environmental ethical issues. In the first study, it was shown that the context in which one's values are assessed is important. Specifically, values assessed in the typical abstract way, as guiding principles in one's life, showed a different pattern of association with factors of environmental dilemmas than did values assessed with regard to their use as guiding principles for the environment. In the second study, respondents, who were experienced in making water allocation decisions, were asked to rank the importance of 16 ethical considerations as they applied to five different, current water allocation problems in Australia. The results showed that the importance ratings of the ethical considerations were similar for all the water allocation case studies. The results were discussed in terms of the effects of context on values/ethical criteria and environmental dilemmas.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02422.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article argues that any consideration of green justice cannot be limited solely to wilderness areas; it must include natural resources as they are manifested in urban areas. We discuss the ways in which residents' images of the natural world are shaped by various institutional forces, including corporations and government of all types. We link up these insights to the growing recognition that there exists an inequitable distribution of natural resources within American cities, a phenomenon identified by residents as “environmental racism”. We argue that in order to analyze this situation, it is necessary to generate new analytical tools, and an Environmental Equity Assessment (EEA) is presented. The use of the EEA is presented in a brief case study of Tucson, Ariz

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02423.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

On the basis of qualitative research and two surveys with 786 and 1004 Swiss respondents, this article presents a new “life‐world” approach to exploring the complex relationships between environmental experience, learning, and behavior. Contrary to traditional views, the author shows that environmental information, knowledge, and awareness predict little of the variability in most forms of environmental behavior. (The primary behaviors that information and knowledge acquisition appear to foster are protest actions). Rather than fostering behavior, environmental learning is more often used as a means to cope with environmental fear and anxiety. Consistent with the life‐world approach, the main factors predicting environmental behavior, or absence thereof, are experiences in and with the environment (e.g., previous environmental activism, experiences with nature, and exposure to environmental catast

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02424.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Productive, just management approaches are more likely to be developed on the basis of an understanding of how people make judgments of justice. We propose that acceptable (just) land‐use management plans are compatible with salient values. Values are created and come to be salient through the process of social construction. Public participation, as a form of social discourse, can be an important element in the social construction process. To realize this potential, changes in the nature of public participation are required. It is argued that public participation (and other practices) that create new, common values that can be used to develop just land‐use management practices should be encouraged. A case study of experiences with a county critical areas ordinance is discus

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02425.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY