摘要:

Economic turbulence in the early 1980s stimulated not only popular and governmental concern about the effects of unemployment, but also extensive research on the topic. This journal issue presents 10 representative reports of such recent research from the United States and Europe. Of the two principal methodologies used in this field, aggregate time‐series analysis and individual‐level surveys, this issue is limited to the individual‐level literature. Two papers provide a social psychological and human developmental orientation to the topic. Then, six papers address the psychological costs of unemployment, four based on population surveys and two dealing with plant closings. Finally, two papers describe policy responses being considered or implemented in North America and E

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02088.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The greatest burden of economic recession falls on the unemployed. Research in this area has resulted in a general consensus that the large majority of the unemployed are psychologically impaired. From the voluminous relevant literature, three conceptual issues are singled out for discussion: the research style—that is, the dominant questions investigated and the corresponding research procedures; explanations for the mental state of the unemployed and the role of theory; and the concept of mental health as involving more than the absence of mental illnes

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02089.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A major task for research on the social costs of economic stress is to trace how macrosocial changes affect increasingly smaller social units and ultimately those microsocial phenomena that directly influence children in their families. In this paper, we specify linkages between macroeconomic change and children's development by tracing deprivational effects through family adaptations in the household economy and in personal relationships. Our findings from research on children and families of the Great Depression are discussed in relation to an interactional model of the process by which families adapt to stressful times.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02090.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Within the context of the British labor market, 11 investigations into the mental health impact of unemployment are described. These reveal significant decrements for people of all ages as a result of moving into unemployment, and for middle‐aged men additional effects of continuing joblessness. Research into factors mediating the harmful impact of unemployment has covered time since job loss, employment commitment, social relationships, gender, ethnic group membership, social class, local unemployment rate, and personal vulnerability. Findings with respect to each are summarized, and a model of influential environmental characteristics is introduced. Additional British investigations are cited throughout the pape

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02091.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Results from a community survey in a sample of high‐unemployment census tracts in southeastern Michigan showed significant elevations of depression, anxiety, somatization, and self‐reported physical illness among the currently unemployed. These adverse effects were largely reversed by reemployment. Subsequent analyses documented modifying effects of social support, self‐concept, and coping. We also found two mediating processes that account for the overall effects of current unemployment: (a) the intervening effects of financial strain, and (b) an influence of unemployment in creating heightened vulnerability to other stressful life events. The implications of these results for the design and implementation of preventive interventions are briefly disc

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02092.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reviews findings from a panel study of Boston area unemployed men and their families. Psychological effects of unemployment on workers and their wives are summarized, particularly for the first half year of joblessness. Family responses to job loss are also examined, including the role of the marital relationship in buffering workers' stress. Finally, policy and service implications of this research are discussed. Consideration is given not only to the mental health needs of workers, but to frequently overlooked qualities of efficacy and resilience among the unemployed.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02093.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four different types of individual‐level unemployment experiences were studied in relation to psychological symptoms: (1) current unemployment following a recent involuntary job loss, (2) unemployment among students or homemakers, (3) reemployment after recent job loss, and (4) either voluntary or long‐term (greater than 6 months) unemployment. Aggregate unemployment (the prevailing rate in the surveyed community) was also studied, both alone and in interaction with each of the four individual‐level unemployment conditions. These five variables were each related positively to psychological symptoms, whether measured as a continuous variable or as a dichotomous variable simulating a case/non‐ case split, and controlling for the usual demographic variables and various other stressful life events. Little evidence was found for interactions of the unemployment conditions with aggregate unemployment or with potential moderators. A small panel study provided a partial longitudinal check for several of these cross‐sectional findings. The findings are discussed in terms of public polic

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02094.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The unemployment rate for a country seems to reflect unemployment policies rather than economic conditions. Variations in employment rates for selected Western countries are presented as a background for a discussion of unemployment and its individual and societal consequences in Sweden. Unemployment is both a private trouble—where individuals see the possibility of controlling their own lives diminishing, which leads to increased risk for psychological and physiological stress—and a public issue, for increased unemployment is associated with societal vulnerability, social polarization, and the breakdown of community ties, which lead to increased societal stress and increased mortality on the national and the community levels. However, for the large majority of workers, the Swedish welfare system buffers first against unemployment, and second against its negative economic effects. Less than 2% of the workforce are exposed to unemployment, and a minority of the unemployed seem negatively affected by the unemployment experience. An empirical longitudinal study of unemployed blue‐collar workers and two employed control groups indicated that a coping orientation involving an attitude of mastery or perceived control buffered against psychological and physiological stress reac

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02095.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a three‐year longitudinal study, we examined the effects of unemployment and the fear of becoming unemployed on the psychological well‐being of 1153 employees at a shipyard that was closed down, and a control group of 441 employees from another, operative shipyard. On all three questionnaires, unemployed people were significantly lower in psychological well‐being than employed people. Change to or from employment was significantly associated with changes in psychological well‐being, whereas remaining employed or unemployed did not lead to any systematic changes in psychological well‐being. Among employed people, the fear of unemployment was strongly associated with reduced psychological well‐being. Thus, the health‐related consequences of unemployment affect not only the unemployed but also employed people who have little job security. Consequently, we stress the need to create new workplaces and to implement reforms that can reduce job insecurity in the

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02096.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pervasive economic changes in America during the past decade have generated severe structural adjustment problems for millions of long‐service blue‐collar workers. Public and private efforts to help these workers are inadequate and tardy in delivery. This article examines the severity of the displaced worker problem, reviews what is currently being done, and argues that America needs a new displaced worker adjustment program. In December 1986 the Secretary of Labor's Task Force proposed such a program, and most of it has since been passed by Congress and signed into law. If this legislation is fully implemented, it will fill a major gap in the nation's employment and training policy, and help America remain competitive in the world marketpl

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02097.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY