摘要:

Values are an important and unique construct in social psychological research. In many ways they offer insight into human belief and behavior that other concepts, particularly attitudes, cannot provide. Milton Rokeach is remembered as a pioneer in the study of human belief and behavior, particularly in the study of values. In this essay we review the essential insights that Rokeach offered and the ways that those insights have been applied in the study of social issues such as racism, political behavior, social justice, and social change. We also briefly introduce the articles in this collection.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01194.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the last 25 years Americans have changed many of the beliefs they hold about racial equality. Schuman, Steeh, and Bobo (1985) have noted that Americans seem to have become increasingly supportive of racial integration during the 1970s and early 1980s, but that their support of specific policies to bring about integration has been ambiguous. Rokeach and Ball‐Rokeach (1988) have observed that the priority that Americans assign to equality as a terminal value fell throughout the 1970s. We argue that to more fully understand beliefs about race that seem paradoxical it is important to understand the way that beliefs are conceptualized and measured. This is especially true if one wishes to use attitudes or values as indicators of future behavior. We conclude that the concept of values developed by Rokeach (1973) offers a better basis for gauging public sentiment toward social policies and toward day‐to‐day living in an integrated so

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01195.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article presents a theory of potentially universal aspects in the content of human values. Ten types of values are distinguished by their motivational goals. The theory also postulates a structure of relations among the value types, based on the conflicts and compatibilities experienced when pursuing them. This structure permits one to relate systems of value priorities, as an integrated whole, to other variables. A new values instrument, based on the theory and suitable for cross‐cultural research, is described. Evidence relevant for assessing the theory, from 97 samples in 44 countries, is summarized. Relations of this approach to Rokeach's work on values and to other theories and research on value dimensions are discussed. Application of the approach to social issues is exemplified in the domains of politics and intergroup relation

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this article we review research relevant to Rokeach's (1973) suggestion that, by appealing to socially shared conceptions of what is good, people may use values to ego defensively rationalize or justify their attitudes. In line with this value justification hypothesis, research suggests that, although attitudes may originally stem from the relative importance that people ascribe to various values, once formed, attitudes may well produce self‐serving biases that affect both the values that people deem relevant to an issue and the complexity or open‐mindedness of their reasoning about an issue. In addition, just as people may appeal to values to justify their attitudes toward social issues such as nuclear weaponry or abortion, data suggest that people may exaggerate perceptions of intergroup value differences in an effort to rationalize prejudicial intergroup attitudes and justify discrimination. Aspects of the ego defensive use of values that merit elaboration and have yet to be addressed, as well as the more general implications of a functional approach to the study of values, are discus

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01197.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article supports a two‐value model of political ideology, similar to that proposed by Rokeach (1973), through the validation of two value orientation scales, international harmony and equality and national strength and order. Drawing on data from five samples, these value orientations are shown to be independent, robust, and predictably related to other value constructs, social attitudes, voting behavior, and political activism. The two‐dimensional model is reconciled with the ubiquitous left‐right attitudinal continuum through differentiating between the psychological world of ideas and the political world of action. Political institutions have traditionally imposed a trade‐off mentality on decision‐making behavior, and the left‐right dichotomy is a useful heuristic for making trade‐offs when other options are not apparent. This paper argues that individuals adopt a framework that is different from that imposed by political institutions. Their framework allows both security conscious and protective values to be held alongside humanitarian and sharing values, and their liberalism‐conservatism can be predicted by the degree to which one value orientation outweighs the other. The middle ground on liberalism‐conservatism, therefore, is not the sole domain of the politically naive or disinterested: It is also the domain of those with balanced yet strong social value commitments who may experience lack of engagement with left‐right

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01198.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Affirmative action is one of the most controversial current public policies—public support has never reached a majority of the electorate for most versions of affirmative action. Many people oppose affirmative action on the grounds that it violates norms of procedural fairness and meritocracy, in spite of the fact that they also support egalitarian values consistent with it. This article explores this apparent paradox by testing reactions to affirmative action in college admissions by comparing three models positing differing roles for values in ideological reasoning: (1) a central role for values—Tetlock's (1986) value pluralism model, (2) a secondary role for values—Lind's (1992) fairness heuristic hypothesis, and (3) no role for values—affective explanations (i.e., Jackman, 1978). Results support the fairness heuristic hypothesis—subjective assessments of fairness play a mediating role between personal values and support for affirmative action. These results indicate that values play a significant role in determining support for affirmative action. To more fully understand how people reason about affirmative action, however, values research must be yoked with justice

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01199.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this paper is to assess the relationships between selected value types and peace activist behavior in several countries. The participants in this study were college students from Idaho and California in the U.S., from London, England, and from Osaka, Japan; adults from the general population in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S.; and physician‐activists from New Zealand. Each respondent completed a written questionnaire, which included the Rokeach Value Survey—Form G and the Werner‐Roy Peace Activism Scale. A significant relationship was found between the universalism value type and pro‐freeze activist behaviors across several of the participant

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01200.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article describes studies that relate justice‐related behavior and experience to the content of human values. The studies are concerned with moral judgment, belief in a just world, distributive justice in the context of allocation decisions, and the nature of deservingness. In each case the focus is on associations between particular values or value types and an aspect of justice. A theoretical analysis of deservingness is presented that takes account of perceived responsibility and the conjunction of positively (or negatively) valued actions and positively (or negatively) valued outcomes. The subjective values (or valences) assigned to the actions and outcomes are assumed to be related to a person's underlying system of values. It is argued that research on justice has tended to ignore the values held by individuals, groups, and cultures, and that this deficiency should be remedied in future researc

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01201.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper summarizes some of the major principles of belief system theory and describes the method of value self‐confrontation. An example of how value self‐confrontation can be used to modify environmental values is provided. The research on value self‐confrontation is reviewed and critically evaluated. Although there is support for belief system theory and for the efficacy of value self‐confrontation as a means of inducing long‐term change in important values, attitudes, and behaviors, a number of important questions remain unanswered. In particular, the psychological mechanisms underlying change in values, attitudes, and behaviors after value self‐confrontation require clarification and fu

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01202.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rokeach (1973) developed the method of value self‐confrontation (VSC) in an attempt to change people's behavior by changing the value hierarchy underlying that behavior. The present research examined the role of need for cognition, defined by Cacioppo, Petty, and Kao (1984) as an individual's tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive endeavors, in the VSC process. Two studies demonstrated that the VSC procedure was equally effective for college‐age participants, regardless of their level of need for cognition. The second study suggested that the equivalent value change was mediated by differential routes of processing. Specifically, low need for cognition participants reported a significantly greater reliance on normative information (indicative of peripheral processing) while participants high in the need for cognition reported significantly greater expenditure of cognitive effort (indicative of central route processing). Practical implications of these findings for individual and social applications of VSC and future research directions are discus

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01203.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY