摘要:

Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates) JAAS Editorial Board* Chairman L Ebdon (Plymouth UK) J Egan (Cambridge UK) D A Hickman (London UK) J Marshall (Middlesbrough UM R D Snook (Manchester UK) J M Mermet (Villeurbanne France) D L Miles (Keyworth UK) B L Sharp (Loughborough UK) *The JAAS Editorial Board reports to the Analytical Editorial Board Chairman A G Fogg (Loughborough UK) F C Adams (Antwerp Belgium) R M Barnes (Amherst MA USA) L Bezur (Budapest Hungary) R F Browner (Atlanta GA USA) S Caroli (Rome Italy) A J Curtius (Rio de Janeiro Brazil) L de Galan (Vlaardingen The Nethei J B Dawson (feeds UK) K Dittrich (Leipag GDR) W Frech (Umed Sweden) K Fuwa (Tokyo Japan) A L Gray (Egham UK) JAAS Advisory Board S Greenfield (Loughborough UK) G M Hieftje (Bloommgton IN USA) G Horlick (Edmonton Canada) B V L'vov (Leningrad USSR) Ni Zhe-ming (Beiling Cnma) N Omenetto (lspra Italy) -lands) T C Rains (Charleston SC USA) R E Sturgeon (Ottawa Canada) R Van Grieken (Antwerp Belgium) A Walsh K B (Victoria Australia) B Welr (Uberlingen FRG) T S West (Abderdeen UK) Atomic Spectromery Updates Editorial Board Chairman "D L J Armstrong (Dumfries UK) J R Bacon (Aberdeen UK) C Barnard (Glasgow UK) R M Barnes (Amherst MA USA) S Branch (High Wycombe UK) R Bye (Oslo Norway) J Carroll (Middlesbrough UK) M R Cave (Keyworth UK) *J M Cook(Keyworth UK) "M S Cresser (Aberdeen UK) H M Crews (Norwich UK) J S Crighton (Sunbury-on-Thames UK) J R Dean (Newcastle upon Tyne UK) * J B Dawson (Leeds Ukl "L Ebdon (Plymouth UK) "J Egan (Cambridge UK) *A T Ellis (Oxford UK) "D J Halls (Glasgow UK) *D A Hickman (London UK) "S J Hill (Plymouth UK) J Fazakas (Bucharest Romania) K W Jackson (Albany NY USA) R Jowitt (Middlesbrough UK) K Kitagawa (Nagoya Japan) "D Littlejohn (Glasgow U;c) "J Marshall (Middlesbrough UK) Miles (Keyworth UK) H Matusiewicz (Poman Poland) J M Mermet (V/lleurbanne France) R G Michel (Storrs CT USA) T Nakahara (Osaka Japan) Ni Zhe-ming (Beying China) P R Poole (Hamilton New Zealand) W J Price (Ashburton UK) C J Rademeyer (Pretoria South Africa) M H Ramsey(London UK) A Sanz-Medel (Owedo Spain) I L Shuttler (Uberlmgen FRG) S T Sparkes (Plymouth UK) R Stephens (Halifax Canada) J Stupar (Llublpna Yugoslawa) R E Sturgeon (Ottawa Canada) A Taylor (Guildford UK) A P Thorne (London UK) G C Turk (Gaithersburg WD USA) J F Tyson (Amherst MA USA) "A M Ure (Aberdeen UK) S J Walton (Crawley UK) P Watkins (London UK) B Welz (Uberlingen FRG) J Williams (Eghar, UK) J B Willis (Victoria Australia) *Members of the ASU Executive Committee Editor JAAS Judith Egan The Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF UK Telex No 818293 Fax 0223 423623 Assistant Editors Brenda Holliday Editorial Secretary Monique Warner US Associate Editor JAAS Dr J M .Harnly US Department of Agriculture Beltsville Human Nutriton Research Center Beltsville M D 20705 USA. Telephone 301 -344-2569 Telephone 0223 420066 BLDG 161 BARC-EAST Paula O'Riordan Sheryl Whitewood Advertisements Advertisement Department The Royal Society of Chemistry Burlington House Piccadilly London WIV OBN UK Telephone 071-437 8656.Fax 071-437 8883 Information for Authors Full details of how to submit materials for publica- tion in JAAS are given in the Instructions to Authors in Issue 1 Separate copies are available on reauest The Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) is an international journal for the publica- tion of original research papers communications and letrers concerned with the development and analytical application of atomic spectrometric techniques The journal is published eight times a year including comprehensive reviews of specific topics of interest to practising atomic spectrosco- pists and incorporates the literature reviews which were previously published in Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy ( AR AAS) Manuscripts intended for publication must de- scribe original work related to atomic spectromet- ric analysis Papers on all aspects of the Subject will be accepted including fundamental studies novel instrument developments and practical ana- lytical applications As well as AAS AES and AFS.papers will be welcomed on atomic mass spectro- metry and X-ray fluorescence/emission spectro- metry Papers describing the measurement of molecular species where these relate to the char- acterization of sources normally used for the pro- duction of atoms or are concerned for example with indirect methods of analysis will also be ac- ceptable for publication Papers describing the de- velopment and applications of hybrid techniques (e g GC-coupled AAS and HPLC-ICP) will be par- ticularly welcome Manuscripts on other Subjects of direct interest to atomic spectroscopists.in- cluding sample preparation and dissolution and analyte pre-concentration procedures as well as the statistical interpretation and use of atomic spectrometric data will also be acceptable for pub- lication There is no page charge The following types of papers will be consid- ered Full papers describing original work Commumcations which must be on an urgent matter and be of obvious scientific importance Communications receive priority and are usually published within 2-3 months of receipt They are intended for brief descriptions of work that has progressed to a stage at which it is likely to be valuable to workers faced with similar problems Reviews which must be a critical evaluation of the existing state of knowledge on a particular facet of analytical atomic spectrometry Every paper (except Communications) will be submitted to at least two referees by whose advice tne Editorial Board of JAAS will be guided as to its acceptance or rejection Papers that are accepted must not be published elsewhere except by permission Submission of a manu- script will be regarded as an undertaking that the same material is not being considered for publica- tion by another journal Manuscripts (three copies typed in double spacing) should be sent to Judith Egan Editor JAAS or Dr J M Harnly US Associate Editor JAAS All queries relating to the presentation and sub- mission of papers and arty correspondence re- garding accepted papers and proofs should be directed to the Editor or US Editor (addresses as above) Members of the JAAS Editorial Board (who may be contacted directly or via the Editorial Office) would welcome comments suggestions and advice on general policy matters concerning JAAS Fifty reprints are supplied free of charge Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) (ISSN 0267-9477) I S published eight times a year by The Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF UK All orders accompanied with payment should be sent directly t o The Royal Society of Chemistry.Turpin Tractions Ltd Blackhorse Road Letchworth Herts SG6 1 HN UK Tel +44 (0) 462 672555 Telex 825372 Turpin G Fax +44 (0) 462 480947 Turpin Transactions Ltd IS wholly owned by The Royal Society of Chemistry 1991 Annual subscription rate EC €309 00 USA $728 00 Rest of World €355 00 Customers should make payments by cheque in sterling payable on a UK clearing bank or in US dollars payable on a US clearing bank Air freight and mailing in the USA by Publications Expediting Inc 200 Meacham Avenue Elmont NY 11003 USA Postmaster send address changes to Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) Publications Expediting Inc 200 Meacham Avenue Elmont NY 11003 Second class postage paid at Jamaica NY 11431 All other despatches outside the UK by Bulk Airmail within Europe Accelerated Surface Post outside Europe PRINTED IN THE UK 2 The Royal Society of Chemistry 1991 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photographic recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publishersJournal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates) JAAS Editorial Board* Chairman L Ebdon (Plymouth UK) J Egan (Cambrldge UK) D A Hickman (London UK) B L Sharp (Loughborough UK) J Marshall (Middlesbrough UK) J M Mermet (Vdleurbanne France) D.L Miles (Keyworth UK) R D Snook (Manchester UK) "The JAAS Editorial Board reports to the Analytical Editorial Board Chairman A G Fogg (Loughborough UK) JAAS Advisory Board F C Adams (Antwerp Belg/um) R M Barnes (Amherst MA USA) L Bezur (Budapest Hungary) R F Browner (Atlanta GA USA) S Caroli (Rome Italy) A J Curtius (R/o de Janeiro Braz4 L de Galan (Vlaardingen The Nethei J B Dawson (Leeds UK) K Dittrich (Leqmg Germany) W Frech (Umea Sweden) K Fuwa (Tokyo Japan) A L Gray (Egham UKI S Greenfield (Loughborough UK) G M Hieftje (Bloomlngton IN USA) G Horlick (Edmonton Canada) B V L'vov (Lenmgrad USSR) Ni Zhe-ming (Belling Chma) N Omenetto (lspra Italy) .lands) T C Rains (Charleston SC USA) R E Sturgeon (Ottawa Canada) R Van Grieken (Antwerp Belgium) A Walsh K B (Victoria Australla) B Welz (Uberlingen FRG) T S West (Aberdeen UIO Atomic Spectrometry Updates Editorial Board Chairman "D L Miles (Keyworth UK) J Armstrong (Dumfries UK) "J Marshall (Middlesbrough UK) J R Bacon (Aberdeen UK) H Matusiewicz (Poznan Poland C Barnard (Glasgow UK) J M Mermet (Vdleurbanne France) R M Barnes (Amherst MA USA) R G Michel (Storrs CT USA) S Branch IMgh Wycombe UK) T Nakahara (Osaka Japan) R Bye (Oslo Norway) NI Zhe-ming (Beyng China) J Carroll (Middlesbrough UK) P R Poole (Hamilton New Zealand) M R Cave (Keyworth UK) W J Price (Ashburton UK) *J M Cook (Keyworth UK) C J Rademeyer (Pretoria South Africa) "M S Cresser (Aberdeen UK) M H Ramsey (London UM H M Crews (Norwich UK) A Sanz-Medel (Oviedo Spain) J S Crighton (Sunbury-on-Thames UK) I L Shuttler (Uberlinger; FRG) "J B Dawson (Leeds UK) S T Sparkes (Plymouth UK) J R Dean (Newcastle upon Tyne UM R Stephens (Hallfax Canada) "L Ebdon (Plymouth UK) J Stupar (Llubhana Yugoslavia) "J Egan (Cambridge UK) R E Sturgeon (Ottawa Canadd "A T Ellis (Oxford UK) A Taylor (Guildford UKI "D J Halls (Glasgow UK) G C Turk (Gaithersburg MD USA) *D A Hickman (London UK) J F Tyson (Amherst MA USA) " S J Hill (Plymouth UK) *A M Ure (Aberdeen UK) K W Jackson (Albany NY USA) S J Walton (Crawley UK) R Jowitt (Middlesbrough UM P Watkins (London UK) K Kitagawa (Nagoya Japan) B Welz (Uberlingen FRG) J Kubova (Bratislava Czechoslovakia) J Williams (Egham UK) J B Willis (Victorla Australla) J Fazakas (Bucharest Romania) A P Thorne(London UK) "D Littlejohn (Glasgow UK) "Members of the ASU Executive Committee Editor JAAS Jcldith Egan The Royal Society of Chemistry Dr J M Harnly Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF UK Telex No 81 8293 Fax 0223 423623 Assistant Editors Brenda Holliday Edmrial Secretary Mon iqu e Warner US Associate Editor JAAS US Department of Agriculture Beltsville Human Nutriton Research Center Beltsville MD 20705 USA Telephone 301 -344-2569 Telephone 0223 420066 BLDG 161 BARC-EAST Paula O'Riordan Sheryl Whitewood ~ Advertisements Advertisement Department The Royal Society of Chemistry Burlington House Piccadilly London W1V OBN UK.Telephone 071-437 8656 Fax 071-437 8883 Information for Authors Full details of how to submit materials for publica- tion in JAAS are given in the Instructions to Authors in Issue 1 Separate copies are available on request. The Journal of Analytcal Atornx Spectrometry (JAAS) is an international journal for the publica- tion of original research papers communications and letters concerned with the development and analytical application of atomic spectrometric techniques The journal is published eight times a year including comprehensive reviews of specific topics of interest to practising atomic spectrosco- pists and incorporates the literature reviews which were previously published in Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy (ARAAS) Manuscripts intended for publication must de- scribe original work related to atomic spectromet- ric analysis Papers on all aspects of the subject will be accepted including fundamental studies novel instrument developments and practical ana- lytical applications As well as AAS AES and AFS papers will be welcomed on atomic mass spectro- metry and X-ray fluorescence/emission spectro- metry Papers describing the measurement of molecular species where these relate to the char- acterization of sources normally used for the pro- duction of atoms or are concerned for example with indirect methods of analysis will also be ac- ceptable for publication Papers describing the de- velopment and applications of hybrid techniques (e g GC-coupled AAS and HPLC-ICP) will be par- ticularly welcome Manuscripts on other subjects of direct interest to atomic spectroscopists in- cluding sample preparation and dissolution and analyte pre-concentration procedures as well as the statistical interpretation and use of atomic spectrometric data will also be acceptable for pub- lication There is no page charge The following types of papers will be consid- ered Full papers describing original work Communications which must be on an urgent matter and be of obvious scientific importance Communications receive priority and are usually published within 2-3 months of receipt They are intended for brief descriptions of work that has progressed to a stage at which it is likely to be valuable to workers faced with similar problems Reviews which must be a critical evaluation of the existing state of knowledge on a particular facet of analytical atomic spectrometry Every paper (except Communications) will be submitted to at least two referees by whose advice the Editorial Board of JAAS will be guided as to its acceptance or rejection Papers that are accepted must not be published elsewhere except by permission Submission of a manu- script will be regarded as an undertaking that the same material is not being considered for publica- tion by another journal Manuscripts (three copies typed in double spacing) should be sent to Judith Egan.Editor. JAAS or Dr J M Harnly US Associate Editor JAA S All queries relating to the presentation and sub- mission of papers and any correspondence re- garding accepted papers and proofs should be directed to the Editor or US Editor (addresses as above) Members of the JAAS Editorial Board (who may be contacted directly or via the Editorial Office) would welcome comments suggestions and advice on general policy matters concerning JAAS Fifty reprints are supplied free of charge Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) (ISSN 0267-9477) IS published eight times a year by The Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF UK All orders accompanied with payment should be sent directly to The Royal Society of Chemistry Turpin Tractions Ltd Blackhorse Road Letchworth Herts SG6 1 HN UK Tel +44 (0) 462 672555 Telex 825372 Turpin G Fax +44 (0) 462 480947 Turpin Transactions Ltd is wholly owned by The Royal Society of Chemistry 1991 Annual subscription rate EC €309 00 USA $728 00 Rest of World €355 00 Customers should make payments by cheque in sterling payable on a UK clearing bank or in US dollars payable on a US clearing bank Air freight and mailing in the USA by Publications Expediting Inc 200 Meacham Avenue Elmont NY 11003 USA Postmaster send address changes to Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) Publications Expediting Inc 200 Meacham Avenue Elmont NY 11003 Second class postage paid at Jamaica NY 11431 All other despatches outside the UK by Bulk Airmail within Europe Accelerated Surface Post outside Europe PRINTED IN THE UK 0 The Royal Society of Chemistry 1991 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photographic recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publishers

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA99106FX013

出版商:RSC    

年代:1991

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JASPE2 6(4) 249-344 137R-186R June 1991 Journal of Analytical Atomic spectrometry Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates CONTENTS NEWS AND VIEWS 249 252 252 Book Review-Lynda M. Faires 253 258 Conferences and Meetings 260 Papers in Future Issues Alan Date Memorial Award Winning Submission-Norbert Ja kubowski Ongoing Activities on New Reference Materials Pond Plankton-Sergio Caroli Conference Reports-Carlos G. Bruhn Andrea Bedson PAPERS 26 1 273 277 283 289 295 301 307 313 317 323 329 335 339 343 Trace Detection in Conducting Solids Using Laser-induced Fluorescence in a Cathodic Sputtering Cell-John C Travis Gregory C Turk Rober L Watters Jr Li-Jian Yu James L Blue Determination of the High Aluminium Content in Suspended Matter Samples Collected in Natural Waters by Slurry Sampling-Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Michel Hoenig Pierre Regnier Lei Chou Determination of Selenium in Acid Digested Marine Samples by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry With Continuum Source Background Correction and Nickel as a Chemical Modifier-Amund Maage Kaare Julshamn Knut-Jan Andersen Vapour-phase Acid Digestion of Inorganic and Organic Matrices for Trace Element Analysis Using a Microwave Heated Bomb-Henryk Matusiewicz Ralph E Sturgeon Shier S Berman Determination of Copper Cobalt Selenium and Molybdenum in Liver by Flame and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-David H Parsley Flow Injection On-line Separation and Preconcentration for Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.Part 1. Determination of Ul*r?trace Amounts of Cadmium Copper Lead and Nickel in Water Samples-Michael Sperling Xuefeng Yin Bernhard Welz Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Lead in Biological Samples Using a Flow Injection System With On-line Preconcentration by Coprecipitation Without Filtration-Zhaolun Fang Michael Sperling Bernhard Welz Continuous Flow Dilution for Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using a Variable Volume Dilution Chamber and Peak Area Measurement-Ernest Beinrohr Pavol Csemi Julian F Tyson Determination of Nitrogen and Oxygen and Species Containing Nitrogen by Molecular Non-thermal Excitation spectrometry (MONES) Using Microwave-induced Plasma (MIP) and Furnace Atomization Non-thermal Excitation Spectrometry (FANES) Sources-Klaus Dittrich Holger Fuchs Jean-Michel Mermet Brigitte Riviere Extraction Discharge Source for Argon Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Examination of Anslytical Potentials in the Detection of a Range of Elements and Fundamental Properties-Hsiaoming Tan lzumi Ishii Akbar Montaser Analytical Evaluation of the Water-cooled Low Gas Flow Torch for InductivelyToupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry-Margaretha T de Loos-Vollebregt C N Vanhoutte Johan J Tiggelman Rotating Disc Nebulizer for Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry-Cor J Rademeyer C S Collins L R P Butler Determination of Thorium and-Uranium in Total Diet Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry-Kunio Shiraishi Yuichi Takaku Katsumi Yoshimizu Yasuhito Igarashi Kimihiko Masuda James F Mclnroy GI-ichiro Tanaka Suitability of Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry for Elemental Speciation Studies-S Mukhtar S J Haswell CUMULATIVE AUTHOR INDEX ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE 137R Advances in Atomic Emission Spectrometry-David Littlejohn Raymond Jowitt Simon T.152R References Sparkes Anne P Thorne Stephen J Walton i FACSS XVII Agenda of Sessions and Registration Information Typeset by Burgess & Son (Abingdon) Ltd1992 Winker Conference on Plasma Speckrochemistry January 6 - 11 1992 San Diego California The 1992 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry seventh in a series of biennial meetings sponsored by the ICPlnformafion Newsletter features developments in plasma spectrochemical analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) dcplasma (DCP) microwave plasma (MIP) and glow and hollow cathode discharge (GDL HCL) sources.The meeting will convene Monday January 6 through Saturday January 11 1992 at the San Diego Princess Convention Center in San Diego California. Continuing education short courses at introductory and advanced levels will be offered Friday through Sunday January 3 - 5. A three-day exhibition of spectroscopic instrumentation and accessories also will be presented. Objectives and Program The rapid growth in popularity of plasma sources for atomization and excitation in atomic spectroscopy and ionization in mass spectrometry and the need to discuss recent developments of these discharges in spectrochemical analysis stimulated the organization of this meeting. The Conference will bring together international scientists experienced in applications instrumentation and theory in an informal setting to examine recent progress in the field.Approximately 500 participants from 25 countries are expected to attend. Approximately 200 papers describing applications fundamentals and instrumental developments with plasma sources will be presented in lecture and poster sessions by about 150 authors. Symposia organized and chaired by recognized experts will include the following topics 1) Sample introduction and transport phenomena 2) Flow injection spectrochemical analysis 2) Automation and plasma instrumentation including chemometrics expert systems on-line analysis software and remote-system automation 3) Sample preparation treatment and automation 4) Glow and hollow cathode discharges 5) Laser-assisted plasma spectrometry 6) Excitation mechanisms and plasma phenomena 7) Plasma source mass spectrometry 8 ) Spectroscopic standards and reference materials and 9) Plasma spectrometric detection in chromatography. Six plenary and 16 invited lectures will highlight advances in these areas.Three afternoon poster sessions will feature applications automation and new instrumentation. Five panel discussions will address critical development areas in sample introduction automation treating difficult samples practical plasma source mass spectrometry and plasma source chromatographic detectors. Plenary invited and submitted papers will be published in September 1992 in the Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry as the official Conference proceedings after peer review.Instrument Exhibition A three-day exhibition of spectroscopic instrumentation and chemicals electronics glassware publications and software supporting plasma spectroscopy will complement the scheduled sessions on Tuesday through Thursday January 7 - 9 with approximately 30 firms participating. Invited Speakers Invited speakers include M. Blades M. Borsier P. Boumans J. Broekaert S. Caroli M.B. Denton K. Dittrich M.F. Gine W. Harrison G. Hieftje G. Horlick R.S. Houk J. Hubert L. Jassie K. Jinno H. Kawaguchi G. Knapp J. McLaren J.M. Mermet H. Ortner J. Ruzicka and E. Voigtman. Continuing Education Short Courses Introductory and advanced four-hour short courses will be presented Friday through Sunday January3 - 5.Designed to provide background and intensive training in popular topics of plasma spectrochemistry these courses feature analysis methods instrumentation and sample introduction. Social Activities The Conference will be held at the San Diego Princess on Vacation Isle in Mission Bay 10 minutes away from the San Diego International Airport. San Diego combines the proximity of Mexico with internationally famous landmarks including the San Diegozoo Balboa Park Sea World Cabrillo National Monument Mission Bay Aquatic Park San Diego Harbor Old Town Wild Animal Park and Scripps Aquarium. Disneyland is only 90 miles to the north and Tijuana Mexico is approximately 30 miles to the south. The America's Cup '92 selection trials will be held in San Diego in mid- January.The average high temperature in January is 65°F. A Conference social evening on January 7 will feature a dinner and show. Daily social hours and refreshments also are planned. Accommodations and Travel Central Travel Springfield Massachusetts is the official Conference travel agency. Accommodations at the San Diego Princess where all Conference activities will take place can be reserved with Central Travel at a special Conference rate of $90 per day (excluding tax) before October 18. After that a late fee will be charged. Arrangements for families with children are provided and extended stays before and after the Conference are offered at the Conference rate. Special low fares on United Airlines and discount automobile rentals are available exclusively through Central Travel.For travel information and reservations please contact Central Travel at 800-777-1 680.(US) or 41 3-781 -1 680; fax 41 3-737-9772. Registration The Conference registration fee includes a copy of the Conference proceedings Conference abstracts and a souvenir tee shirt. The registration fee is $260 prior to October 18 $375 until December 23 and $450 thereafter Discounts are provided for students and no registration fee is required for spouses. Short-course preregistration fee is $75 prior to October 18 $1 10 until December 23 and $1 55 afterward for each four-hour short course. For information concerning exhibition registration facilities and fees contact the Conference chairman. Advertising rates for the Conference program book are available upon request. Call for Papers and Submission Schedule Titles and 50-word abstracts of papers describing original work with plasma spectrochemical applications fundamentals and novel instrument developments are solicited by July 1 1991. For accepted papers final abstracts are due by October 7 1991. Manuscripts for publication in the proceedings are requested by January 6 1992. For further information contact 1992 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry %R. Barnes Department of Chemistry 102 LGRC Towers University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01 003-0035 USA.(413) 545-2294 fax (41 3) 545-4490. Circle 002 for further information

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA99106BX015

出版商:RSC    

年代:1991

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 137R ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE-ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY David Littlejohn” Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Cathedral Street Glasgow G 1 1 XL UK Raymond Jowitt British Steel Technical Teesside laboratories P. 0. Box 1 1 Grangetown Middlesbrough Cleveland TS66UB UK Simon T. Sparkes Department of Environmental Sciences Polytechnic South West Drake Circus Plymouth Devon PL4 8AA UK Anne P. Thorne The Blackett Laboratory Imperial College of Science and Technology and Medicine Prince Consort Road London SW7 2BZ VK Stephen J. Walton Amlied Research Laboratories Fisons Instruments Sussex Manor Park Crawley Sussex RH 10 2QQ UK Summary of Contents 1 Arcs Sparks and Low-pressure Discharges 1.1.Arcs 1.2. Sparks 1.3. Low-pressure Discharges 1.3.1. Glow discharge lamps 1.3.2. Hollow cathode discharges 1.3.3. Other sources 2 Inductively Coupled Plasmas 2.1. Fundamental Studies 2.2. Sample introduction 2.2.1. Nebulizers 2.2.2. Flow injection 2.2.3. Chromatography 2.2.4. Electrothermal vaporization 2.2.5. Solid sampling procedures 2.2.6. Chemical vapour generation 2.3.1. Torch and generator design 2.3.2. Spectrometry 2.3.3. Instrument control and data processing 2.3. Instrumentation 2.3.3.1. Instrument control 2.3.3.2. Data processing 2.3.3.3. Chemometrics 3 Microwave-induced Plasmas 3.1 . Fundamental Studies 3.2. Instrumentation 3.3. Sample Introduction 3.3.1. Direct nebulization 3.3.2. Electrothermal vaporization 3.3.3. Chemical vapour generation 3.3.4. Direct solids analysis 3.3.5.Chromatography 3.3.5.1. Gas chromatography 3.3.5.2. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) 4 Direct Current Plasmas 4.1. Fundamental Studies 4.2. Sample Introduction In previous years the third and fourth ASU reviews in JAAS have been devoted to ‘Instrumentation’ and ’Atomization and Excitation’ covering developments in equipmenVprocedures and fundamental processes respectively. Many of the advances in analytical atomic spectrometry reported in the ASU references concern research in both of these areas and duplication of coverage was becoming difficult to avoid. As a separate ASU deals with all aspects of XRF and atomic mass spectrometry it has been decided to create two new reviews on ‘Atomic Emission Spectrometry’ and ‘Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry and Related Techniques’.The present review describes developments in all aspects of atomic emission spectrometry including fundamental processes and instrumentation reported in the Atomic Spectrometry Updates References in JAAS Volume 5 * Review Co-ordinator. to whom correspondence should be addressed.138R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 1 VOL. 6 (90/1461-90/4179) and Volume 6 (91/1-91/C1687). The full references names and addresses of authors can be readily found from the Atomic Spectrometry Update References in the relevant issues of JAAS. However as an additional service to readers an abbreviated form of each literature reference quoted (except for those to Conference Proceedings) is given at the end of the review.Comments or1 the new format of the reviews are welcome. 1. ARCS SPARKS AND LOW-PRESSURE DISCHARGES 1.1. Arcs Slinkman and Sacks (91/27 91/1547) have continued their work with a magnetron d.c. arc plasma (see J . Anal. At. Spec- trom. 1990 5 180R). A graphite tube anode and tungsten- thorium wire cathode were used with a parallel external mag- netic field to generate rotation of the arc current channel in the 2-3 kHz range. The diffuse plasma was easily penetrated by aerosol from a glass frit nebulizer. Emissions were viewed normal to the axis of the plasma from one end of the cylindri- cal electrode assembly. Intense continuous background from the current channel was reduced by withdrawing the cathode wire into the anode tube.The effects of electrode configuration on line to background ratios for Ca Cu Mg and Mn in aqueous samples were reported (91/27). Sample vapour from a graphite tube furnace was introduced via the tubular anode (91/1547) to achieve ng ml-I detection limits for Cd Cr Cu Mg Mn and Zn. Results for Ar and Ar-He mixtures were compared. Gadow (9 1/1454) also extended previous investiga- tions (see J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1990 5 180R) with a mag- netically induced rotating d.c. arc above a cylindrical anode. An electrically floating sample cup was raised through the anode into the cone-shaped plasma. Various rates of volatiliza- tion of the analytes and matrix were obtained by control of the axial position of the sample cup. This did not affect the param- eters of the d.c.arc. The axial distribution of temperature elec- tron pressure and the spectral line intensities of several analytes were reported together with detection limits volatili- zation curves and calibration curves. Eid et al. have determined the characteristics of a wall sta- bilized plasma arc (90/3592) and applied it to the determina- tion of impurity elements in uranium yellow cake (90/3554). The source described fully in Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1983 38 495 consisted of tungsten electrodes with four water-cooled brass segments to define a 5 mm diameter channel for the arc. A 25 mm diameter centre portion with a quartz observation window formed the analytical chamber in which the constricted intense Ar arc was changed to a wide flame-like discharge on introduction of an aerosol of 1.5 mol dm-3 KC1 solution.Temperatures were calculated for Boltz- mann plots (90/3592) and the mean excitation temperature from eight Fe I lines in the range 372.0-376.4 nm was 4616 K. The ion excitation temperature from 11 Ti I1 lines from 321.7 to 324.2 nm was 4730 K. A combination of the Saha and Boltzmann equations applied to intensity ratios of atom/ ion line pairs of Ba Ca Sr and Ti gave ionization tempera- tures between 4999 and 5561.5 K dependent on the current which varied from 16 to 22 A. Electron densities were also calculated and it was concluded that the plasma was in local thermal equilibrium. Aqueous solutions of the sample after extraction with tributyl phosphate contained 40.9 pg ml-' of U and the following detection limits were obtained (90/ 3554) A1 396.2 nm 0.13 pg ml-I Ca 422.7 nm 0.002 yg ml-' Fe 372.0 nm 0.42 pg ml-* Mg 280.3 nm 0.02 pg ml-I Mn 403.3 nm 0.14 pg rnl-l Mo 386.4 nm 0.19 pg ml-l Sr 407.8 nm 0.002 pg ml-I and Zr 343.8 nm 0.18 pg ml-I.Relative standard deviation values of around 2% were quoted and no significant interference effects were ob- served from U contents up to 100 pg ml-I. At an arc current of 20 A aerosol flow rate of 8 1 min-' and Ar flow rate at the cathode of 1 1 min-I maximum line to background ratios were obtained. The excitation behaviour of REE using axial introduction of a sample aerosol has been studied by Chinese workers (91/1342). A chloride salt mixed with C and placed on the anode significantly increased the intensity of REE spectral lines when the sample aerosol was introduced from the cathode axial direction.The effectiveness of the chloride salts was in the order KC1 = NaCl 3 AgCl > TlCl > ZnCl i.e. the easily ionized alkali metals gave by far the greatest effect. The characteristics of the arc- source have been discussed by Shen (90/C4104) for analysis of powder samples. The tech- nique was reported to be flexible particularly in its potential for selective vaporization of elements. For easily vaporized elements such as Ag As Au B Bi Cd Cu Ga Ge Hg In Li Pb Rb Sb Sn Te T1 Zn and refractory elements such as Ce Hf La Mo Nb Sc Ta Th Ti V W Y and Zr detection limits were quoted as being equal to or less than the levels found in geological samples thus making the technique supe- rior to ICP AAS or XRF for this type of analysis.The sugges- tion that XRF could give better detection for As and Hg seems questionable. Spatial distribution of the intensity of spectral lines of impurity elements in powder samples has been studied at Sofia University (90/2273). Radial and axial distributions of plasma temperature electron density degree of ionization and intensities of the lines Ga 287.4 nm Mn 280.1 nm Mn I1 260.6 nm Li 274.1 nm and Pt 265.9 nm were measured as functions of electrode gap and polarity. Many empirical data were presented but with little theoretical correlation. These workers claimed that the study is useful for optimization of the arc. Studies of the evaporation and excitation of the trace ele- ments Mo Pb Sn and W in rocks in the presence of Cd I S and Zn (91/208) showed S to accelerate evaporation but that the major contribution to signal enhancement was achieved at the excitation stage.Zolotareva et al. (90/3374) have deter- mined the volatility of elements relative to Ni in order to select the most appropriate internal standard element. The use of Ge was recommended as it gave a 2-fold improvement in the pre- cision for the determination of Al Co Cr Fe Mg Ni and Sn after collection on graphite. Other Russian work (91/279) dem- onstrated a 10-100-fold improvement in detection limits over those for a carbon arc by blowing powdered sample into the plasma of a two jet Ar arc plasmatron. Changes in the state of an arc plasma were followed by Szabo et al. (90/3051) using Ba Ca Mg and Mn carbonate powders mixed with carbon.Detection limits of between 1 x and 6 x lo-" g were de- termined for Cr Fe and Pb by recording the radiation from the near cathode layer of the arc discharge plasma. Indian workers (91/1275) have developed an expression for the variation of in- tensity of spectral lines with increasing arc current. Predicted results were in close agreement with those observed for 546.6 and 520.9 nm in the case of an Ag arc 521.8 and 515.3 nm for a Cu arc and 537.0 501.8 and 438.4 nm in the case of an Fe arc. A new h.f. a.c. arc source has been reported by the Univer- sity of Duisburg (90/C2949). The thread-shaped Ar plasma was linked to a flow injection system for the analysis of samples containing the hydride-forming elements. Arsenic Bi Sb Se and Sn were determined simultaneously with 100 pl in- jected volumes.1.2. Sparks Only two spark related papers were identified in this review period. Mark and Scheeline (90/2202) have used a chargeJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 1 VOL. 6 139R coupled detector (CCD) to measure emissions from a high wltage spark in Ar at atmospheric pressure to show behaviour previously not detectable. Spark to spark variation in the dis- tance of excitation propagation from the cathodic electrode was observed and spectral line shape as a function of time and space was monitored. The observed behaviour was in contrast to accepted models in that previous integrated data were seen to be summations of qualitatively different sequential sparks rather than identical sparks.In contrast Ravary and Charles (91/934) have studied the spectral emission of a high-voltage spark in high vacuum between Cu electrodes. The Cu I11 and Cu I1 lines predominated and only a few Cu I lines were de- tected. No indication was given of the degree of vacuum or the composition of the residual gas. 1.3. Low-pressure Discharges 1.3.1. Glo~i discharge lamps G l o ~ ? discharge lamps as sources for atomic emission spectl-ometiy and mass spectrometry have been reviewed by Harrison (90/C3 125) and Hieftje (90/C3 166). Harrison's review also covers investigations of excitation and ionization processes and mentions the use of new types of discharge. These have been discussed in several other papers Winches- ter and Marcus used an r.f. powered discharge for AES of non-conducting solids (90/C3023 90/C3 145 91/878); Leis and Steers described the effects of microwave boosting (91/ C758 91/C811); and transient pulsed and modulated opera- tion have been investigated by two other groups (90/3348 9 1 /574).Banks and Blades (90/2254 90/C3133) have studied the characteristics of the jet-assisted GDL in which Ar jets are di- rected at the cathode surface through the anode with the object of inhibiting re-deposition of the sputtered atoms on the cathode. They found that the electrical characteristics of the discharge were almost independent of jet gas flow rate but that the emission intensities of the Cu resonance lines were un- affected in spite of a 3-fold increase in the net rate of sputter- ing atoms into the negative glow.Two groups have operated GDLs in magnetic fields (90/3308 91/719). The effect of the field on the electron trajectories is such that high sputtering rates can be achieved at low voltages and carrier gas pressures; the second paper (91/719) referred to pressures from 0.01 to 1.0 Torr with an optimum line to continuum intensity for the Cu resonance lines at about 0.06 Torr. The use of conventional GDL-AES for quantitative optical depth profiling has been discussed. The discharge parameters vary as the surface changes and a constant current mode is normally adopted (90/C3039). However recent experimental work on line intensities as a function of discharge parameters (90/C3 126 9 1 /876) has resulted in an improved expression for the effects of variations in current and voltage that can be used to scale observed intensities over a wide range.Excitation and ionization processes in the GDL have been investigated with Langmuir probes (90/C3 147 91/877) and by measuring quenching rates of metastable argon carrier gas atoms with methane (90/C3 132 90/C3 143). Laser-induced atomic fluorescence has been used to track sputtered atoms through the discharge the results being compared with a simple model of diffusion and gas flow processes (90/C3 134). Finally three groups reported pioneering experiments on the use of the GDL with a Fourier transform spectrometer for AES (91/C575 91/C810 91/1456). All three stressed the ad- vantages of high resolution and high wavenumber accuracy on the one hand and the disadvantages of the noise characteristics on the other.The third paper (91/1456) discussed the noise dis- tribution in detail and reported a limit of detection for Mo in steel of about 30 pg g-l. 1.3.2. Hollow cathode discharges Furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectrometry (FANES) has dominated the HC literature during this review period. Dit- trich et al. (90/2060 90/C3 13 1 90/C3 15 1 90/3483 91/229 91/C478) have been most prolific in this field. For the determi- nation of P (90/2060) the transition at 213J213.6 nm was shown to be more sensitive than that at 253.3/253.5 nm. A de- tection limit of 90 pg of P was obtained with optimum thermal conditions and with the addition of 2 pg of La. This was report- ed to be a 60-fold improvement on that of ETAAS. Measure- ment of molecular bands (MONES) (90/3483) was much less sensitive giving detection limits of 700 pg of P for the PO band at 246.4 nm and 3400 pg of P for the HPO band at 507 nm.Hydride generation was combined with FANES to give pg de- tection limits for the elements which form volatile hydrides (90/C3 13 1). The hydrides generated at atmospheric pressure were trapped in the graphite tube of the FANES source heated to 600 "C. The tube was then evacuated and the elements elec- trothermally vaporized into the glow discharge. An He plasma was used for the determination of Br and C1 (90/C3151). The intensities of atom and ion lines in the visible region were com- pared and detection limits in the ng region were obtained using spectrochemical buffers. Sulphur was determined using both W and C tube FANESNONES systems (91/229) and detection limits of 17 and 2 ng respectively were reported.Theoretical predictions and practical results of fluctuation analysis of tran- sient signals in AES with particular reference to FANES have been reported by Naumann et al. (90/3398). It was concluded that at wavelengths below 210 nm the sensitivity of the tech- nique depended on the optical conductance of the spectrometer. Laser-FANES (91/C478) was proposed for trace and micro- analysis of solids and was reported to have advantages over laser ICP-AES and laser-ETAAS by virtue of better ablation and degree of ionization in the low pressure of the GD. Iida and Yasuo (90/3973) determined spatial intensity profiles of atomic lines in the bore of a hollow cathode discharge supplied with vapour ablated from aluminium alloys by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.Detection limits of 3 pg g-' for Mg and 16 pg g-' for Ni were obtained with linear ranges of three orders of magnitude and RSD values of 164.6%. Harnly et al. have reported on FANES with a hollow anode (90/C3 149 90/3498 91/C7765). When the graphite furnace tube was used as the anode with a carbon rod cathode down the centre a stable discharge was formed without the need for elec- trical shielding. Detection limits of 0.8 and 1.5 pg (previously reported as 6 and 2 pg J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1990 5 183R) were obtained for Cd and Cu respectively and were reported to be comparable to those of conventional hollow cathode FANES. Blades et al. (90/C3083,90/3975,91/C662) produced a plasma in a graphite tube at atmospheric pressure by the use of r.f. radia- tion.The plasma which was generated with an r.f. power of 20- 50 W at a frequency of 27 MHz uniformly filled the graphite tube. This source has been given the acronym FAPES Vurnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry). The detection limit of 3 pg for Ag was slightly lower than that obtained by ETAAS and comparable to values reported for FANES. A number of studies have reported the measurement of halogen line emission in HC sources. Fluorine determination and matrix effects in d.c. and h.f. HC discharges have been in- vestigated by Borkowska-Burnecka and Zyrnicki (90/33 14). The InF bands were used to determine between 1 x 10" and I x lo-'% F in solids and from 1 pg ml-' to 1 mg ml-I of F in solution.Bromine C1 and F have been determined in gas streams by Puig and Sacks (90/3307). Sample vapour in an He carrier stream was introduced into one end of an HCL with a small cathode cavity diameter and radiation was monitored from the opposite end. The effects of He pressure variations for 15-40 Torr (1 Torr=133.32 Pa) current from 10 to 100 mA and cavity diameters of 0.8 1.6 and 3.2 mrn were investigated. Relatively intense emission lines from Br B f C1 C1+ and F were observed140R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 when 100 ppm of CClF and CBrF were introduced. Detection limits were 17.4,2.7 and 0.6 ng for Br Cl and F respectively. A microwalje coupled HC source has been studied by Seno- fonte et al. (91/283). Microwave power of 200 W applied to A1 and Cd cathodes enhanced the intensities of the A1 and Cd lines by up to 76% compared with a conventional HC.Low and high voltage internal anode HC discharges have been used in a study of absorption and emission of Cu radiation (91/ 1452). Of the five noble gases Ne provided the highest inten- sity for the 324.7 nm Cu emission at high and low voltages. At the pressure yielding the highest Cu 324.7 nm emission for each gas and the same current for all five gases the absor- bance of the discharge increased with the relative atomic mass of the fill gas. The ionic to atomic line intensity ratio was higher in the high voltage HC. Isotopic compositions of Li in HC discharges have been measured (91/923) with an RSD of 0.7% for 60 measurements.Studies of the influence of a rotating magneticfield on an HC discharge have been completed in Yugoslavia (90/2258). The magnetic field vector rotated at 50 Hz perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical hot cathode. Argon and He were used as the fill gas. There was little effect of the rotating magentic field on the line intensities of Cs Pb Sb TI and Zn. 1.3.3. Other sources Scheeline et al. have continued their work with theta pinch discharges (see J . Anal At. Spectrom. 1990,5 183R) to deter- mine the effects of various parameters (90/C3022 90/33 10). The greater importance of the electric field rather than the magnetic field has been illustrated using coils which produce identical magnetic field configurations but with electric fields of 2 kV cm-' and 30 V cm-' (90/C3022).The effects of Ar pressure (in the region of 15 Torr) sample position discharge energy and discharge current waveform have also been report- ed using A1 sheet as a model sample (90/33 10). A pulsed mag- netic field was used by Goldberg et al. to confine a laser- induced plasma formed at the surface of a solid target (90/ C3180). The effects of combinations of air Ar CO C,H He and N at different pressures on the spatial distribution of element emissions were investigated. Air and CO produced the most pronounced compression and emission enhancement in combination with the pulsed magnetic field. Laser-produced plasma plumes propagated into noble gas atmospheres at different pressures have been studied in Dortmund using a Nd:YAG laser.Time resolved emission spectra were used to illustrate marked plasma temperature changes which were dependent on the sample matrix. Ana- lytical figures of merit were determined for Cr and Si in low- alloyed steel (90/3245). Excellent analytical results almost independent of the plasma temperature and the state of evap- oration of the ablated sample material were obtained for Cr and Fe using binary alloys (90/3998). However for elements with very different vapour pressures internal standardization could only be carried out if the atomization process in the plasma was complete. An Ar laser has been used in Japan (91/18) to irradiate solid and powder samples in vucuo as an alternative to an electrical heating element operating at tem- peratures up to 250 "C. The resulting IR emission between 400 and 2000 cm-' was examined by F'TIR.The laser- induced thermal emission (LITE) method was successfully applied to K,Cr,O and MOO on Mo powder and powdered Ge Si and Zn and gave higher signal to noise ratios lower background emission and more rapid stabilization of emission signals than the use of electrical heating. A new excitation source has been proposed (91/1002) based on a glassy carbon tube in an r j . coil and surrounded by a fused SiO tube through which Ar flowed. With the passage of the r.f. current the glassy carbon tube was inductively heated and surrounded by a concurrently generated plasma to a height of a few mm above the tube. The few pl of sample loaded into the tube were vaporized and excited in the plasma and gave detection limits of 15 30 and 30 pg for Cd 228.8 nm Cu 324.8 nm and Zn 213.9 nm respectively.Goldberg et al. have developed a plasma gun as a direct sampling AE source (90/C3 1 12). Refractory non-conducting samples were placed in an Ag thin film cylinder which was electrically vaporized inside a polycarbonate tube between two electrodes. A plasma was formed and sustained by capa- citative electrical discharge. The resultant atomic/ionic vapour was expelled through a hole in the upper electrode above which AE measurements were made. Electrothermal and laser ablation into a CCP have been studied by Blades et al. (91/C569). The CCP was optimized for transient sample intro- duction by provision of a relatively long residence time in the observation zone. 2.INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMAS 2.1. Fundamental Studies Recent diagnostic work on the excitation and ionization tem- peratures of ICPs and on number densities of atoms ions and electrons in the plasma has been spread over several different techniques and a number of different operating conditions. Van der Mullen has written a tutorial paper on thermodynamic equilibrium and detailed balance (90/2250). Olesik found that the measured ratios of ion to atom emission intensities in Ar plasmas were in general lower than those predicted by LTE (90/C3 167). Sources of deliation from LTE were investigated in particular the effects of gas flow rates and aqueous aerosol introduction (91/198). The ion:atom intensity ratios showed a strong radial dependence when aqueous aerosols were used.Boumans (90/2201) has compared ion:atom intensity ratios in plasmas at two different frequencies (50 and 100 MHz) and concluded that electron temperature and density probably vary indcpendently rather than being rigorously coupled through the Saha equation. Snook and Timmis (91/C768) used meas- ured electron densities to calculate ionization temperatures which showed a greater variation with height in the plasma than did the excitation temperatures. In neither instance was Abel inversion used to give radial resolution. The need for Abel inversion and the use of the Saha equation for spatially resolved temperature measurements could be avoided altogeth- er by using laser fluorescence from the HP line to measure spa- tially resolved electron densities and hence (\ia Griem's tables) temperatures (90/C2879).Burton and Blades have described a method for simulating ICP spectra by means of a simple two-level rate model using tabulated data for each line of interest (90/C308 1); only partial LTE was assumed. They have also made spatially resolved measurements of ion:atom density ratios for several different species and compared them with the LTE ratios obtained from measured electron densities and the corresponding equilibrium temperatures (90/C3 174). The results agreed well with those predicted by the two-level rate model referred to above (90/ C3081). Mermet has investigated the dependence of the Mg ion:atom ratio on residence time by varying the i.d. of the in- jector and found values close to LTE for diameters of 2 mm or greater (90/2253).The effects of several different matrix ele- ments on the ion:atom ratios of Ca and Zn have been shown to depend on both radial and vertical location (91/20). Measure- ments of the vertical variation of this ratio for Y in comparisonJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 141R with Ca and Mg indicated that a different excitation scheme must operate for Y (90/C3 168). Mostaghimi and Boulos have developed a two-dimensional mathematical model of the electromagnetic and ion and atom temperature fields for predicting the effects of changing various plasma parameters without the assumption of LTE (90/3392). The predicted ion:atom temperature was lower than the electron temperature which was itself below the LTE value and the differences increased as the induction frequency was increased from 3 to 40 MHz (90/C3171).The model has also been used by the same group to evaluate the efSect on tem- perature of radiation from comer particles in the plasma (90/ C3170) and to study the line and continuum radiation both from Ar and from Fe introduced into the plasma (91/872). Self-absorption was found to be significant for strong Fe lines as well as for the Ar resonance lines. The model applied to laminar flow only; a different model has been developed for turbulent flow (90/C2260). A method of measuring gas flow velocities by spectroscopic tracking of inhomogeneities in the analyte atom emission has been described (90/3402) and the effect of the flow rate on elec- tron density and temperature has been studied (91/1003).Smith and Denton reported extensive studies of the effects of changing the torch pressure over the range 100 to 3000 Ton with the object of elucidating excitation and energy transfer mechanisms in the plasma and predicting deviations from LTE (91/915). Excitation temperatures have also been investigated for plasmas other than those which use pure Ar. Montaser used Abel inversion to obtain spatially resolved excitation tempera- tures in Ar-O and Ar-air ICPs (90/3486). When the concen- tration of 0 or air in the outer flow was anywhere from 5 to loo% the axial temperatures for 1.2 kW forward power were higher than for a pure Ar ICP with a maximum at 10% 02 but there were complex dependencies on power height and com- position for which the paper must be consulted.Barnes and Yang have published a series of papers on low-power (2 kW) 0 ICPs covering computer simulation (90/225 l) plasma di- agnostics (90/2252) excitation mechanisms (90/3960) and an- alytical features (90/3961). The computer prediction of a temperature as high as 12000 K in the plasma core was sup- ported by self-consistent measurements of electron and excita- tion temperatures and of electron and ion:atom number densities all leading to the conclusion that the plasma was very close to LTE. Charge transfer from 0 ions to the analytes plays an important role in excitation. The detection limits for 38 elements in the low power 0 ICP were found to be a factor of 10 inferior when compared with those for an Ar ICP but better than in an air or N ICP.A further paper by the same group gave some results for higher power 0 ICPs (90/3959). Several papers dealt with the effects of difSerent solvents on plasma parameters mainly temperature used in sample intro- duction. The effect of water and various organic solvents has been systematically studied (90/C3055) but the influence of water appears still to be a matter for controversy (91/190 91/ 191). Small amounts of organic solvents tended to depress both atom and ion emission (90/3351); they also introduced molecular bands which could cause interference (9 1/1445). The presence of low concentrations of mineral acids decreased emission intensities by decreasing the excitation temperature according to several reports (90/2112 90/2208 91/224) but according to a conference presentation the effect varied with the acid used (90/C3103).The presence of organic acids on the other hand appeared to increase the temperature and the emission intensity of the analyte lines (90/3965). The effects cf desohution were found to be very selective with aqueous so- lutions the result depended on the analyte excitation energy relative to the bond energies of water (91/870) and plasma temperatures were found to be much more affected when desolvation was applied to organic rather than aqueous solutions (91/871). Finally two series of studies on almost unrelated topics should be mentioned one on noise characteristics and one on spectral line widths and shifs. The noise characteristics of the ICP were reviewed by Mermet (90/C3 124) with reference to the origin of different types of noise and to compensation and optimization of signal extraction.Noise power spectra ob- tained for an Ar ICP showed a frequency dependence on the outer gas flow and the r.f. power (91/C747). Montaser com- pared noise power spectra of two He ICPs using tangential and laminar flow torches and a conventional Ar ICP (90/ 2256). It was found that the h.f. noise generated in an He ICP with a tangential torch (which had a greater amplitude than for an Ar plasma) could be eliminated by using a laminar-flow torch and that the major contribution to noise at low frequency came from the injection of aqueous samples into the plasma. The spectral line shape work was reported by two groups who used the high resolution Fourier transform spectrometer at Los Alamos.The Doppler and Lorentzian broadening com- ponents for Fe lines were extracted to give translational tem- peratures while excitation temperatures were obtained from the relative intensities of many lines (91/194). Line shifts and pressure broadening parameters were similarly used to extract temperatures and van der Waals force constants both for Ar in the outer flow region and for Ca and Fe in the analytical region (90/C297 1 90/C3 169). 2.2. Sample Introduction A review of the general topic of sample presentation to the plasma was given by Tyson (90/C3054). In view of the amount of research effort which continues to be devoted to the development of solid sampling procedures which are adequate only for limited sample types it is refreshing to learn that further developments in sample dissolution may render such procedures redundant.Bates and Olesik (90/4154) have observed spatially dependent changes in signals as a function of the aerosol transport rate. With increasing mass of analyte per unit time ionic emission in- tensities decreased at all vertical and radial locations in the plasma. This was mainly due to a decrease in the fraction of ions which are excited rather than a decrease in the ions produced. In contrast the magnitude and direction of changes in atomic emis- sion and fluorescence signals were spatially dependent. Sources of noise in an ICP spectrometer were examined by Goudzward et al. (91/1459) using noise power spectra. The principle source of low-frequency noise was pulsation from the peristaltic pump.A review of the properties of aerosols as an interface between liquids and various detection systems was given by Browner (90/3246). The same worker discussed fundamental studies on aerosol generation (90/C3062) with explanation of the use of laser Fraunhofer scattering and laser doppler ane- mometry. The greater accuracy of the latter technique was ex- pounded by Mussell et al. (90/C3063). Canals et al. (91/193) used laser Fraunhofer diffraction to measure aerosol drop size distributions at various locations in a spray chamber. After primary aerosol production the main factors influencing the size distribution were coalescence and evaporation which depend upon particle and gas velocities. For a given spray chamber factors which increase drop diameters such as low gas flow high liquid flow high surface tension low volatility large cross-sectional area of gas outlet and use of a cross-flow nebulizer will increase the efficiency of loss processes.The same group (90/3487) compared Sauter mean diameters mea- sured with laser Fraunhofer diffraction with values predicted by the Nukiyama-Tanasawa equation. The experimental results were always much lower than the calculated values. Experimental mean diameters for organic solvents were always smaller than for water aerosols while for some organic solvents the equation predicts higher values than for water. The ability of a nebulizer to produce as fine an aerosol pos- sible increased with decreasing cross-sectional area of the neb-142R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 ulizing gas supply tube.Simultaneous measurement of drop size and velocity distributions have been made by Clifford et al. (90/3344) who showed smaller Sauter mean diameters for aerosols produced by frit nebulizers than for those produced by pneumatic or ultrasonic types. The technique produced dia- meters which were comparable to those obtained by the more widely used laser Fraunhofer diffraction procedure. In addi- tion velocity distributions and spatially resolved information on both drop size and velocity distribution could be measured. In an extension of previous work on aerosol particle size measurement using a cascade impactor as an on-line selective filter (see J . Anal. At. Spectrom. 1988,4 291) Koropchak and Allen (90/C2987) have studied various observation heights and elemental species.In general these studies showed that desolvation and vaporization of individual droplets are incom- plete in an ICP and that analyte species residing in small aerosol particles are more efficiently utilized in signal produc- tion. In contrast Shabanova et aE. (91/218) in a study of aerosol size distributions produced by nebulizing aqueous so- lutions containing additions of organic compounds found that the distribution is not a dominating factor affecting the analyti- cal signals. Other Russian workers described a new integral electronic method for drop size measurement (90/3375) ; un- fortunately no details were given. 2.2.1. Nebulizers The nebulizer is often referred to as the weakest link in analyt- ical atomic spectrometry and this familiar theme was incorpo- rated in the title of one of two reviews by Gustavsson (91/ 1098 91/1175).A number of nebulizers including concentric slurry and grid types were compared by Smith and Denton (91/26). The grid type generated the largest amount of aerosol however this is not the only criterion of excellence in a nebu- lizer. A comparison of a cross-flow and a V-groove nebulizer was made by Tiggelman et al. for both a conventional high- flow plasma and a plasma operating at 1.5 1 min-' total Ar con- sumption. Testing procedures for cross-flow (9 1/84 1) and Bab- ington nebulizers (90/C2986) were described by Ivaldi and Slavin. A performance index based on the average short-term RSD values measured over extended periods of time was useful in investigating consistency across batches of nebuliz- ers.In a study of precision problems encountered in the analy- sis of perchloric acid solutions (90/3282) McLaren and Anderau concluded that the Ryton material used in the sample introduction system was not resistant to attack from the acid. This review period has seen a resurgence of interest in nebu- lizer designs in some instances of fairly radical approaches. Rademeyer et al. (90/C2878) described a system based on a rotating disc which was claimed to be simple cheap and mechanically reliable but prone to memory effects. Babis et al. (90/3305) constructed an array of 2 pm diameter glass cap- illaries which exhibited a high sample transport efficiency and faster equilibration and wash times than a frit nebulizer.This should be suitable for applications which require a rapid re- sponse such as flow injection. A thimble-shaped frit design from Clifford et al. (90/3342) required a clean-out system to reduce memory effects. Another frit design addressed this problem with a capillary supply to the back of the frit to allow introduction of acetylacetone solutions in benzene (91/C484). This system also employed heated Ar and aqueous solutions of 15% acetylacetone to improve nebulization efficiency. Berndt (90/3415 9 1/C498) described a hydraulic high pressure system in which 1-2 pl of sample from a loop were forced through a 10-20 pm diameter nozzle. A 3.6-fold improvement in sensitivity over pneumatic nebulization was recorded and undiluted oils and saturated solutions could be nebulized.The practicality of operating a nebulizer which requires operating pressures between 1000 and 5000 psi remains to be seen. Isoyama et al. (91/842) described a recycling nebulizer system which overcame the memory effects inherent in such designs by delivering the sample in an exchangeable spray chamber. The other notable problem observed with recirculat- ing nebulizers was sample enrichment over a period of time. This was largely overcome by Olson et al. (91/42) who used a cooled spray chamber to reduce the concentration effect to below a 0.2% increase over a 30 min period. Increased interest has also been shown in the ultrasonic neh- ulizer. The importance of monitoring coolant temperature and aerosol production in preserving transducer life were discussed by Kinsey et al.(90/C2094) and reliability aspects were em- phasised by Johnson et al. (90/2919). Improved detection limits but poorer precision and memory effects were reported by Thomas et al. (90/3280). A major disadvantage of the ultra- sonic nebulizer is its much greater capital cost compared with any other type. Jin et al. (91/29) addressed this problem by constructing a unit from a common room humidifier which gave comparable stability and precision to commercial ultra- sonic nebulizers. Petrucci and Van Loon (91/1464) also pro- duced a low-cost system which used a transducer with a bonded glass plate for protection. A comparison between an air-cooled ultrasonic nebulizer and a hydride generator was re- ported (90/C3090).The ultrasonic nebulization of organic sol- vents was investigated by Wiederin et al. (90/3995). With a two-step desolvator condenser operating at -10 and -80 OC solvent changes caused no plasma instability and detection limits were comparable to those of aqueous solutions irrespec- tive of the solvent Optimum conditions for thermospray sample introduction were studied by Peng et al. (90/3962). The highest S/N ratios were recorded with a 0.05 pm capillary while detection limits and stability were better than those for a V-groove nebulizer. Thermospray nebulizers are best suited to interfacing chromat- ographic systems. Detection limit improvement of 24- and 36- fold over pneumatic nebulization have been observed for ion chromatography and mobile-phase ion-pairing chromato- graphy respectively (90/3346).A thermospray has also been used as the nebulizer for natural waters containing Cd Cu Pb and Zn following pre-concentration on Chelex 100 (90/2084). However standard additions were still required to overcome matrix effects. The use of a thermostated spray chamber operating at ambient temperature was recommended by Routh et al. (90/ C2989) as a means of improving short-term precision and long-term reproducibility. As in ICP-MS when operated at reduced temperatures such a system is also advantageous in the analysis of organic solvents where solvent loading can be readily controlled (90/C2097). Weir and Blades (90/3976) de- scribed a convenient method of implementing such a system electronically by using Peltier effect coolers with thermo- couple feedback.Reduction in C band emission was also observed when reducing the temperature of a desolvator con- denser used with organic solvents (90/C3056). A similar effect could be produced by 0 addition although this also tended to reduce analyte intensities. The Scott double-pass spray chamber still in common use has been criticised by Isoyama et al. (91/4). Small cylindrical chambers of 2-3 cm id. and 10 cm length were recommended for over-all sensitivity stability and response time although memory effects were surprisingly not improved. A 52 ml cone-shaped chamber was claimed by Li et al. (91/1607) to have favourable clean-out characteristics compared with the Scott design although the cited time of 4CL50 s to clean-out from 1000 mg 1-' of Mn to 0.1 mg 1-I seems fairly high.The effect of pumping the spray chamber drain investigated by Thomas (90/C3091 90/3285) indicated that better stability could be obtained by smoothing out pressure changes. 2.2.2. Flow injection Kempster et al. (90/C2887) have evaluated several spray chamber designs specifically for flow injection analysis whereJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 143R equilibrium conditions must be rapidly attained without sacrificing the ability of the chamber to remove large drops. An 1 I ml volume chamber has been used in the determination of 0.1-5 mg I-' of Sr in waters with a sampling frequency of 320 samples h-' (90/C2890 91/C496). The same group (90/ 33 12) have proposed equations for predicting the width of the analytical peak when a 300 p1 sample injection was used.The properties of the transient signals and the noise produced when pl samples were introduced to the plasma were investigated by Scheeren et al. (90/3978). The S/N ratio characteristics were stated to be similar to conventional nebulization. The shape of the transient signals was approximated by several non-linear mathematical functions (90/3979) and a relationship was ob- tained between the system operating conditions and the result- ing signal. Chinese workers (9 1/1014) showed that FI was more effective than conventional nebulization in alleviating the effect of various concentrations of mineral acids on the signals for Ca Co Cu and Ni. Most FI procedures clearly involve the injection of sample into a liquid stream.However Wiltshire et al. (91/C784) obtained sensitivity improvements by injecting 10-100 p1 samples into a dry carrier gasflow which was passed to a 25 ml volume spray chamber with no impact bead. Determination of B in tissue digests was carried out using a spectrometer equipped with wavelength modulation background correction. Flow injection may be used to advantage in combination with various other techniques. In combination with preconcentration on Chelex 100 it has been used to analyse geochemical samples (90/C408 1). Here the advantage of FI is in automating cumber- some manual procedures and reducing sample and reagent con- sumption. Chinese workers have combined FI and the generalized standard additions method to eliminate interference effects (91/1142).Gine et al. (91/C517) described an automated matrix matching system for the analysis of water samples of varying salinity. This was capable of sampling rates of 60 samples h-' at up to 2.5% m/v NaCI. Use of membranes in FI systems to control dilution concentration and separation and to detect specific analytes has also been described (90/C2888). Several on-line pi-econcentration studies have been carried out with a view to improving detection limits or removal of matrix effects. The use of cellulose-bonded EDTrA or hydroxy- sulphoquinoline for water analysis both on- and off-line has been described (91/102). A system utilizing both an anion ex- change resin and 8-hydroxy-7-iodoquinoline-5-sulphonic acid for the determination of Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb and Zn has been used for river and sea-water analysis (91/101).Precon- centration on Hypan resin was used to determine Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mg Mn Ni Ti and Zn in aluminium alloys (91/16). A commercial PC-controlled instrument for automated precon- centration of up to 20 samples has been described (90/C2984). Garcia et al. (9 l/C5 16) compared on-line liquid-liquid extrac- tion with extraction-vapour generation for the determination of As S and I-. Russian workers have employed liquid extrac- tion with NaS,CNEt2 ammonium pyrrolidin-1-yldithioformate and hexahydroazepine-I-dithiocarboxylate to determine Ag Bi Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb V and Zn in fibre-optic materials (90/3045). Electrolytic* matrix remoijal using deposition from nitrate solution onto a platinum mesh electrode was used by Li and Guo (90/C2977) to determine trace elements in high-purity silver copper and lead.The use of on-line ASV in separat- ing Cd and Cu from high concentrations of sodium and uranium has been described for both ICP-AES and ICP-MS (9 1/854). 2.2.3. Chromatography There were few reports in this period on tandem chromato- graphic-ICP techniques and none concerning the ICP as a de- tector for GC where the considerably cheaper MIP and CCP are favoured (see section 3.3.5). The ICP has been used in combination with packed microcolumn supercritical fluid chromatography and a photodiode array detector to evaluate the stability of acetylacetone complexes (91/1048). Forbes et al. (91/1551) used a capillary SFC-ICP-AES system to deter- mine organosilicon compounds by monitoring the Si 25 1.6 nm line.The effects of the pressure of the CO mobile phase on the plasma were discussed. An automated system was described which employed the iminodiacetate chelation column of an ion chromatograph to retain transition and lanthanide elements (90/C3 195 91/ C780). A similar system was used for the determination of U in natural waters (90/C2995) at sub-pg I-' levels and to achieve detection limits in the range of 0.5-1 pg I-' for As Pb Se and T1(90/C2970). Other trace elements could be measured simultaneously. Strictly speaking such methods are not chro- matographic since the object is to concentrate analytes or remove matrices rather than to separate but the hardware of ion chromatography is employed. Knapp et al.(91/300) de- scribed a 200 W He capacitatively coupled plasma (CCP) op- erating at 27 MHz and mounted on a polychromator for the simultaneous detection of Br C C1 F I H N 0 and S in GC effluent. Only a single standard was required to calibrate complex species. Huang et al. (90/2074) described a smaller torch configuration to reduce dead volume for their CCP based detector (90/2074). Detection limits were comparable to those obtained with an MIP (90/C3 196). 2.2.4. Electrothermal vaporization Zhang et al. (91/370) reported that the optimum conditions for multi-element determination of Be Mg and Mn by electrother- mal vaporization were when the element vaporization rate was equal to the diffusion rate. Omenetto et al. (91/65) determined Pb in whole blood either treated with Triton-X or HNO or diluted 1 +5 against aqueous standards with no appreciable matrix effects although selection of the measurement period was critical for accurate results.Optimization of parameters for ETV-ICP was discussed by Ida et al. (90/3336) who intro- duced an additional preconcentration step in the determination of P in silicon. A new device was constructed by Funk et al. (91/C499) which used a graphite bridge supporting a ring holder for a graphite cup. A high sampling frequency was pos- sible with a rapid change of the cup and the system was applied to the determination of traces in steel. Ohls (91/107) compared the ETV method with electrolytic dissolution-FI- ICP for nine trace elements in 24 metal reference materials.Russian workers (91/344) reported the effects of C1- NO,- and Sod2- on the determination of Al B Cu Fe Mg Mn Na S Se Si Te and Zn. Use of volatile halides produced in an ETV device was reported by Jin et al. (91/379) in the determination of As Cd Pb Sb and Zn. 2.2.5. Solid sampling procedures The relative merits of laser ablation slurry nebulization and slurry-ETV as methods of solid sample introduction were re- viewed by Darke and Tyson (90/C3058) for the determination of Ba and Pb in various geochemical samples. This was assist- ed by a horizontal rather than a vertical gas flow. Nickel et al. (90/34 19) determined trace elements in alumina-based ceramic powders using ETV in a study of the excitation processes using syFe and "Td isotopes. Brewer et al.(91/32) studied the nature of the aerosols gen- erated by the electrical vaporization of samples on thin silver films using a capacitative discharge. Less than 10% of the generated aerosol was collected on a 0.1 pm filter. The same group (91/33) used a magnetic field of a few kG normal to the electric field in the thin-film plasma to improve the interaction of the plasma and sample and a 60+40 Ar+O mixture as carrier flow. The method was used to determine Mn Ni and V in solid powder materials.144R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 Size distributions of aerosols produced by slurry nebuliza- tion were studied by Ebdon et al. (90/3247). A single pass spray chamber produced large coagulated particles which were removed in the torch injector tube.The mean particle diameter was reduced at higher gas flows although the effect was depen- dent on the diameter of the injector tube. The behaviour of slurry aerosols in a double pass chamber was complex but essentially the same as for a solution suggesting that similar formation transport and loss mechanisms exist for both. With the nebulization of refractory powder slurries subtle variations in particle size within apparently narrow size ranges have been observed for minerals of different hardness (90/3488). Segre- gation effects during nebulization caused low recoveries. A particle size of less than 5 pm but with the bulk of the sample below 3 pm was recommended. Slurry nebulization should offer advantages in the analysis of ceramic geological and refractory materials.These areas were studied by Brenner (90/C2932 90/C3059) using Ar-N and Ar-O mixed-gas ZCPs in which the molecular gas in- creased the excitation temperature and enhanced particle de- composition While satisfactory calibration could be achieved for coals and clays the situation for refractory materials was unacceptable and GDL-AES was considered a more suitable technique for this type of sample (90/C4079). Multivariate in- ternal reference procedures were investigated in an attempt to improve performance for refractory materials (90/C3 1 13). Not surprisingly it was found that Sc in solution as the internal standard did not compensate for plasma particle interactions since it was not bound to the decomposing particles (90/ C3109). The 95% Ar+5% 0 plasma offered the highest sensi- tivity compared with 90% Ar+lO% N and pure Ar (91/864).Laird et al. (90/C3060 91/867) found significant matrix effects in the analysis of clays against reference solutions. These were attributed to a combination of partial displacement of Ca Fe and Mg from the clay by cations in the matrix solu- tion less efficient sample transport for particles and incom- plete particle dissociation in the plasma as commonly observcd for Al. These effects were minimized by using a 0.1 mol dm-' NaCl solution for preparation of standards and by keeping particle sizes to less than 2 pm. Broekaert et al. (90/ C3065) reported the analysis of alumina aluminium nitride silicon nitride and silicon carbide by slurry nebulization using standard additions of aqueous solutions.The method com- pared favourably with conventional ICP analysis following sample decomposition in closed vessels. Slurry nebulization of plant materials has been reported (90/ C3061) although it seems doubtful that such procedures will be popular when relatively simple and rapid dissolution methods exist. A slightly different approach was taken by Fagioli et al. (90/C3 162) where the plant material was charred with H,SO and heated to 350 "C. The resulting carbonaceous slurry was nebulized. Shane and Epstein have pointed out that the precision of the slurry technique is very dependent on the distribution of analyte within the sample (90/C4078). The general acceptabili- ty of slurry sample introduction for geochemical reference sample characterization was confirmed although specific in- stances were noted where unacceptable accuracy was intro- duced by sampling statistics (90/C4078).De Silva and Guevremont (9 1 /1462) showed that statistical uncertainties in the direct analysis of powders can be attributed to random var- iation of the number of particles used for measurement and in- homogeneity of the powder. The compound variance from both these effects was equal to the product of the average total number of particles used for the measurement and the fraction of particles containing the analyte in the bulk mixture. A number of workers have studied the design of probes used in direct insertion devices. Karanassios et al. (90/3956) determined that the optimum probe geometry was a long un- dercut graphite electrode.For best performance a high plasma power was used and the probe was rapidly inserted to a posi- tion level with the top of the load coil. Umemoto and Kubota (90/3395) used five types of thin-walled graphite cups and re- corded detection limits one order of magnitude below those for pneumatic nebulization. Blain et al. (90/2063) pelletized solid samples with graphite and inserted the pellets into the plasma. Detection limits for some elements improved in proportion to the increased mass of sample while for some elements even greater improvement factors were thought to be due to better heat transfer. Horlick's group have continued to develop an automated direct insertion system (90/3955 9 1/34). The method origin- ally used pneumatic insertion from a carousel of 24 probe as- semblies but now a stepper-motor controlled insertion device was used with exchange of graphite cup probes operated by a robot arm.Real-time digitization of six channels could be carried out simultaneously. A study of dry and ash cycles with this system (91/38) showed that different analytes require dif- ferent sample treatment for optimum results. While for example Fe gave best results with external desolvation and ashing in situ desolvation was better for Ni in preventing carbide formation. Various chemical modifiers including KCl KF NaCl and NaF were tried in order to improve the system performance for Al B Ca Sr and Zr (90/3957). Quantitative results were obtained by adding 10 p1 spikes of 0.25 mol dm-3 NaF to the graphite cup.Processes of laser ablation and vapour transport to the ICP were reviewed by Moenke-Blankenburg (90/C3067). The nature of the particulate matter produced by the technique was investigated by Thompson et al. using scanning electron mi- croscopy energy dispersive X-ray analysis and high-speed cine photography (90/3485). Metal samples produced mainly spherical droplets of solidified molten metal while brittle mate- rials produced spall-breccia. Both sample types also produced some amorphous material condensed from the vapour phase. The EDXRF results suggested rather disconcertingly that the ablated material was not necessarily representative of the bulk sample. Hydrodynamic studies by Vertes et al. (90/C3178) also suggested that post-laser shot processes occurring in the plume were as important in determining ion kinetic energy dis- tributions as energy deposition during the shot.Currently the Nd:YAG laser is most commonly used in ab- lation work. The effect of laser type was considered by Autin etal. (90/C3179) who compared the amount of material ablated and the crater shape for Nd:YAG nitrogen and excimer lasers. A higher efficiency of ablation of metals was suggested for UV lasers. Darke et al. used a Nd:YAG laser to analyse a number of SARM rock samples. Closely matched samples and stan- dards were required and inter-sample precision was typically 10% RSD. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser has been used in the analysis of steels where the sample was moved during the 20 s ablation process in order to keep the laser in focus (90/3334).Booth and McLeod (91/104) used a Nd:YAG system to survey polymeric materials rapidly. This system incorporates a graphite furnace in the ablation chamber to allow electrothermal sample pre-treatment. Refractory ele- ments and REE were determined with good reproducibility in rock samples using a continuous CO laser (91/866). Stan- dards were prepared in a matrix of the major elements in the rocks. Only two reports were produced this review year on spark ablation. Operating conditions were compared for simulta- neous and sequential analysis of fire assay buttons alumin- ium-zinc alloys and nickel superalloys (90/C298 1 ). Analysis of small samples of precious metals has been described (90/ C2868). A novel approach to the introduction of solid powders into the ICP was described by Pfannerstill et a/.(0/3302 91/1). A powder disperser was used to generate an aerosol inside an inflated latex balloon. Controlled deflation of the balloon over a period of about 30 s allowed uniform delivery of aerosol toJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 1 VOL. 6 145R the plasma. Separation of the processes of aerosol generation and aerosol transport allowed better control over particle flow. The system was applicable to finely divided non-hygroscopic solids. 2.2.6. Chemical vapour generation A desire to improve the apparatus used for hydride genera- tion continues to tax the minds of a number of workers. Vujicic and Steffan described a tubular system which offered a sample uptake rate of 1 ml min-' and reduced memory effects (91/103).Reduced memory effects were the aim of a new compact design by Phan et al. (90/C2992 90/C3093 91/ C8 1 3 where the vapour generator was installed directly at the base of the torch. Yokoi et al. (91/232) described a minia- ture system which gave detection limits of 0.15 and 0.03 ng ml-I for Ge and Sn respectively. In order to reduce fluctuations from H when using a low-power plasma Tao et al. employed a separation membrane composed of hollow fibres of an aromatic polyimide. This was operated at 80 "C to reduce rise time and memory effects. Three-fold improve- ments in detection limits for As Ge Sb and Sn were recorded. Tracy and Moller (91/311) described a general method for total Se in biological and environmental samples which em- ployed wet ashing with HNO H,SO and HClO,.After mixing with sodium tetrahydroborate solution the gas-liquid separation was carried out in a standard nebulizer and spray chamber. This technique was also employed by Hwang et al. (91/35) to achieve a detection limit of 1 ng ml-I of As and to determine As Sb and Se in soils (90/C2928). Opti- mization of parameters for SnH generation was discussed by Qiu et al. (90/3972) who also developed a multiple co- precipitation method for the purification of NaBH and NaOH. Chinese workers (9 1 /400) reported interference studies on As Bi Sb Se Sn and Te and rather surprisingly found it necessary to correct spectral interferences in some cases. The elements that have volatile hydrides which can be readily generated with standard procedures are well known.However in some novel work by Fujiwara et al. (90/3316) solid phase hydride generation was used in the determina- tion of P. A mixture of phosphate-containing sample and 7% sodium tetrahydroborate solution was heated to 500 "C at which temperature phosphine was reproducibly generated and collected in a cold trap prior to analysis by ICP spectrometry. Dobrowska reviewed vapour generation procedures includ- ing hydride generation and also SO CO and methyl borate production. The indirect determination of trace amounts of Cl- by BCl formation was discussed by Miyazaki e f al. (91/82). After oxidation with KMnO in dilute H,PO evolved chlorine was reacted with boron at 700 "C. The generated BCl was col- lected in a cold trap before analysis using the B 249.77 nm line.The detection limit was 0.18 ng of C1- using 1 ml of sample and some interferences from B r I- CHCl and CCl were observed. Chinese workers (9 1/173) reported enhance- ment of sensitivity in the determination of I- after oxidation with HzOz in dilute acid solution. However the enhancement factor was not clear since the relatively poor reported detection limit of 0.8 pg ml-I suggested that a vacuum spectrometer was not used. An unusual vapour generation procedure used in a Japanese steelworks (90/C2978) was the analysis of molten steel by production of volatile chlorides in the furnace. A mixture of ClZ and Ar was blown through a reaction probe into the steel and the resulting gases were passed to the ICP. When intensities were ratioed to Fe results correlated well with con- ventional analysis for Si Mn Cr and Ni although Mo could not be determined.The principle problems were intensity vari- ation and plasma instability owing to the oxygen content of the steel. 2.3. Instrumentation 2.3.1. Torch and generator design Work has continued at the University of Delft on the use of water-cooled low-$ow torches (90/C3009 9 1/C744). A water- cooled torch operating at 1.5 1 min-' was mounted on a com- mercial ICP spectrometer. Detection limits were 2- to 3-fold worse than those produced with a standard plasma due to the higher background of the low-flow plasma. Russian workers have also reported the analysis of natural waters using a water- cooled torch (91/220). The advantage of using a 40 MHz generator frequency has once again been reported (91/472) and enhanced limits of de- tection have been claimed (90/C3007).Yang et al. (91/37) dis- cussed the generation of low-power N and CO ICPs operating at this frequency. Rupp et al. (90/C3008 91/C821) described the control of forward power from the r.f. generator using a system of optical feedback from the plasma. When combined with temperature stabilized sample introduction and one internal standard reproducibilities of better than 0.15% RSD over 3 h were achieved. The determination of non-metals in the ICP tends to be limited by the excitation temperature of the source and the wavelength range of the spectrometer employed. Sheppard et al. (91/41) investigated an He-Ar mixed-gas ICP for the deter- mination of I. With a carrier gas composed of 88% He and the outer gas 35% He the detection limit measured at 206.0 nm was improved 7-fold compared with that for a 100% Ar plasma.The ICP detection limits and working ranges for Br C1 N and 0 were reported by Denton et al. (91/1535) who used a vacuum khelle spectrometer with a charge injection device (CID) array detector. (90/C2934). 2.3.2. Spectrometers This review period is notable for a welcome resurgence of in- terest in spectrometers for use with the ICP. The most notable area of expansion is in the use of solid-state detectors which despite promising much for many years have never quite dis- placed the humble photomultiplier tube. An overview of the subject from the manufacturer's viewpoint was given by Talmi (90/C2953) with emphasis on CCD and new NIR linear diode arrays fabricated from InGaAs Ge and PtSi.Future trends in high performance charge transfer devices were discussed by Denton (90/C2957 91/C732). In addition to CCDs and CIDs hybrid devices are becoming available which address some of the traditional problems of read-out noise crosstalk low quantum efficiency and limited wave- length range. Denton's group have compared CCD and CIDs for use in AES (90/3394). While both detectors gave good results with a clean matrix the CCD suffers from blooming or spilling of excess of charge from over-exposed regions of the detector with complex matrices. Performance of a spec- trometer utilizing a CID array was reported (90/3574). Deter- mination of Dy Fe Ho Mg Sr and Yb was reported using this system (90/3575).Changes in nebulization and excitation conditions were reported to be easily detected by monitoring OH and Ar lines. However Bilhorn and Ferris (90/C2954) preferred the use of recently available antiblooming CCDs. This was because CIDs have limited array sizes and do not allow the use of integration times which vary inversely with the intensity of the measured spectral line a process known as random access integration. Charge coupled devices are now available with active areas of up to 28 x 26 mm (90/C2956). Binning or combining the photogenerated charge from several detector elements into a single charge has been used to in- crease the sensitivity of the detector (90/305). The use of such detectors is not without problems however as outlined by Scheeline et al.(90/C2955). Difficulties of alignment focus-146R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 ing and environmental problems such as r.f. interference from the source were discussed. Lepla and Horlick (91/19) provided details of the construc- tion of a photodiode array (PDA) measurement system. The effect of using peak area measurement on a spectrally seg- mented PDA spectrometer was described by Brushwyler et al. (90/3576 91/1 151). Summation over a range of five pixels gave the best S/N ratio. A detection limit of 6 ng ml-' was found for Mo while the availability of continuous background correction reduced errors due to low frequency noise or plasma drift. Analysis of geochemical samples using a similar system was described by McGeorge (90/C4093).Roedel et al. (91/1420) also described a system with background correc- tion which featured selectable detectors such that the most favourable part of the detector measuring range was used. The use of a phototransistor which monitored broad-band NIR emission from the ICP was described by Jonasson et al. (90/ 4031). Plasma IR emission was suggested as a convenient monitor of the state of the ICP. Knoll et al. (91/720) de- scribed step scanning an array detector across a spectral region and summation of the resulting spectra. This approach overcame problems of limited spectral range small numbers of array elements covering a peak and varying sensitivity across the detector. In more conventional areas of detection the use of fibre optics in transferring light from the source to the spectro- meter was described (90/C3004).A review of the subject was given by Brauner and Laffolie (91/1064). Use of fibres to- gether with a direct drive sequential spectrometer employing multiple entrance slits was reported by Zhu and Goulter (90/ C3 108). The importance of direct on-peak measurement in sequential designs was also emphasized by Brown (90/3948). The ability to offset the primary slit of a conventional polychromator in order to pick up nearby analytical lines has been reported (90/ C3005 90/C3 107 9 1/C8 16). With this approach a 47-channel polychromator was capable of determining 67 elements (90/ C2933). Webb and Salin (90/3577) developed a computer program to evaluate the number of spectral windows of a given width which would be required for full elemental coverage.For slew scanning PDA spectrometer systems 7-8 were regarded as sufficient while for polychromators using typical 0.18 nm windows some 29-37 windows were sufficient to determine 59 elements. It would appear that commercial ICP spectrometers have attained maturity as two separate groups described updat- ing older Jarrel-Ash instruments (90/C3 1 10 90/C3 1 1 1 90/ 3587). These modifications included background correction support external triggering of channel measurement and control by a personal computer. There were no reports received on Fourier transform spectrometiy in this review period other than those discussed in section 2.1. 2.3.3. Instrument control and data processing 2.3.3.1. Instrument control.A panel discussion on novel in- strumentation and plasma automation was held by Broekaert (90/C3123). Several groups have begun to produce work on expert systems for the control of spectrometers. Pomeroy et al. (90/C3006) applied a large information database to automated qualitative analysis semi-quantitative analysis and line selec- tion. Salin (90/C3076) described a family of expert systems controlling a scanning spectrometer with separate modules for line selection (90/2075) sample recognition data processing instrument diagnosis methodology and optimization under the general jnstructjon of a flow controller. A system for geo- logical and environmental analysis which included sample pre- paration and pre-concentration has also been described (9 1/ C817).An expert system has been used to match the compo- sition of a sample determined using a multiple PDA detector to a stored database (91/C812). The potential of intelligent spectrometers in metal speciation studies has been discussed (9 1 /I 020). Wirsz and Blades (90/3578) used factor analysis to select the best analytical line on the basis of least interference in a particu- lar matrix using a PDA spectrometer. The prospects for the use of the ICP in process control were presented by Meyer (90/ C3077) in a discussion which hinted that there had perhaps been more progress in this area than generally realized. Modification of a commercial instrument for the on-line analy- sis of airborne species in incinerator effluent has been described (90/C3080). An air ICP was used with calibrations based on nebulized solutions after establishing a correlation with the dry aerosol.Trace metals have been determined in high temperature (500 "C) particulate-laden process gas streams which were in- jected directly into the ICP (91/466). An Ar-He plasma was found to be superior to N 0 or air plasmas. 2.3.3.2. Data processing. Automation of the Contract Labo- ratory Program (CLP) requirements for waste water analysis at the US Environmental Protection Agency has been described for both ICP-AES and ETAAS (90/C2869). Specific CLP test actions were triggered by commands attached to the sample labels. The use of Be measured at 3 13.042 nm has been advo- cated as a quality control surrogate (90/3287). In day to day use recoveries of 90-106% were achieved.2.3.3.3. Chemometrics. Multivariate techniques have been described for interpretation of geochemical data derived from Discriminant analysis was used by Schwartz and Hecking (90/C3 1 17) in a study of the origins of samples of nuts based on the concentrations of B Ba Ca Cu Fe K Mg Mn P Rb and Zn. Paschel (90/C3115) used cluster analysis in the evaluation of multi-element data from the ICP-AES analysis of hair. Discrepancies in analytical results for P in soils by ICP-AES and spectrophotometry were studied using principal components analysis and partial least squares methods (90/ C3116). Application of the modified simplex optimization method to ICP-AES has been described (90/C2884). Program list- ings in BASIC for up to ten variables were given (91/945).The same method has been used to optimize S/B ratios for a 400 W ICP using less than 10 1 min-' of Ar (90/C2871). Brereton (9 1/C737) recognized the limitations of the simplex approach as being the choice of response function step size and starting conditions and difficulties with factors which have very different significances. A factorial approach was proposed as a better alternative. This was used in a study of the effects of power and nebulizer flow on Al Ar B Ca Cr Fe K Li Na Mg and Sc (90/C3121). Japanese workers carried out a similar study on Ca Cr Fe La Ti and Zn (90/4029). Thomas and Collins discussed optimization methods for trace analysis including a directed-search algorithm (9 1 /53). The combined use of the generalized standard additions method (GSAM) and the generalized internal reference method (GIRM) was reported for the determination of B Mo Th Ti U V W and Zr in metal alloys and geological matrices (90/C3 1 14 90/3970).The assumption that r.f. power and neb- ulizer pressure were the only parameters which could affect precision simplified the GIRM calculations. Use of GSAM alone gave poor accuracy and precision while adding Sc as an internal reference gave limited improvement. Tiggelman et al. (91/1461) reported a 5-fold improvement in RSD when using Myers-Tracy signal compensation for the determination of Cu in KCl and Cd in gypsum. Janssens and Francois (9 1/C485) developed a computer program for automated analysis of a spectral region. This in- cluded a peak search algorithm background and interference correction and net intensity calculation.Van Veen and de Loos-Vollebregt have now published ICP-AES (90/C2936,90/C3078).JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 147R their work on the advantages of Kalman jltering (90/3968). The method was shown to give true detection limits which were almost independent of the presence of a matrix (91/ C802). One cited example was the detection limit for In of 46 pg I-' in a molybdenum-tungsten mixture compared with 360 pg I-' in the absence of Kalman filtering (91/1130). In many instances line selection was therefore superfluous. Two algo- rithms were compared by Salit and Collins (90/C2969) for the automatic selection of background measurement positions. A heuristic method used the best positions from the second de- rivative of the base line while a statistical approach used an iterative curve fit eliminating points with large deviations from the curve.3. MICROWAVE-INDUCED PLASMAS 3.1. Fundamental Studies The current status of microwave plasmas for AES has recently been reviewed by Broekaert (91/1046). The characteristics of MIPS were described and the adaptations required to enable the direct nebulization of liquids and for the E W introduction of samples were considered. Broekaert et al. have reported the comparison of a toroidal Ar MIP and a diffuse He low power MIP operated in a TW cavity (90/3967 91/1457). For the toroidal Ar MIP using ETV sample introduction the plasma could be sustained at a power of 85-100 W at gas flow rates in the range 1.6-2.7 1 min-I.For pneumatic nebulization the plasma was sustained with a gas flow rate of 1.2 1 min-' at 110 W. The diffuse He MIP could be sustained using a flow rate of 0 . 1 4 2 1 min-' and a microwave power in the range of 120-180 W for both ETV and pneumatic nebulizer sample in- troduction. For the toroidal MIP the emission intensities of OH Ar and the analyte species were lowest in the centre of the discharge which also exibited the lowest rotational tem- perature (2000-2700 K). This region also gave the maximum S/B ratio for analyte emission. For the diffuse He plasma signal intensities and the rotational temperature (2200-2600 K ) were at a maximum in the centre of the discharge with the S/B ratios for analyte species being constant over the whole discharge cross- sec t ion.A rapid scanning spectrometer which can acquire spectra from 200 to 800 nm in 0.2 s has been used to study the behav- iour of Mn atoms and ions in an Ar-He capacitively coupled MIP (90/4171). Addition of Li or Na to the analyte matrix was found to depress analyte emission and ionization in the plasma severely. The workers found that increasing the Ar-He flow rates suppressed analyte emission from atom lines relative to ion lines and reduced temperature gradients across the dia- meter of the plasma. The afterglow from a pulsed microwave plasma has been studied by several groups. Zamzow and D'Silva investigated the effects of the addition of Ar and Ne on the He afterglow background spectrum (91/1538). The electron density in an He plasma afterglow has been determined to be 5 x lo' cm-j at the onset of the afterglow (90/C3 150).The decay of free elec- trons was initially found to be consistent with ambipolar diffu- sion but at later stages the electron number density was found to be higher than expected. These workers suggested that met- astable species in the discharge give rise to the excess of elec- trons causing this effect. Mohamed et al. (90/4170) reported observations of a pulse-operated MIP finding that emission in- tensities were greatest in the centre of the discharge but that there was a substantial enhancement of afterglow emission for Ar lines compared with analyte species. 3.2. Instrumentation Okamoto et al. have described a 1.2 kW 2.45 GHz MIP source for trace element analysis (90/C3002 91/1287 91/1424).Samples were introduced into the annular plasma by a pneu- matic nebulizer using maximum Ar gas flow rates of 2 1 min-'. The torch was cooled with 60 I min-' of air and detection limits were found to be comparable to those for ICP-OES. Other reports regarding the development of the plasma includ- ed the development of a microwave coupled hollow cathode atomic emission spectrometer (90/C3 128) and the investiga- tion of laser-enhanced ionization using a 60 W atmospheric pressure MIP (91/17). In this study atomic species in the plasma were ionized using a 300 mW dye laser which gave sensitivity competitive with other laser-based ionization techniques. Nakahara et al. (91/1001) have described the use of an N purged spectrometer and optical path for the measurement of emission lines in the 170-190 nm range.Using this system detection limits for I were 2.3 ng ml-I (183.04 nrn) which was a 150-fold improvement over determinations made without the modification. 3.3. Sample Introduction 3.3.1. Direct nebulization As described in earlier reviews in this series (J. Anal. At. Spec- trom. 1989 4 15 1 R) desolvation of the aerosol improves de- tection limits when solutions are nebulized into the MIP (91/ 367 90/C3001). Detection limits of 43 0.12 and 9.5 ng ml-I for Al Cd and Pb respectively were obtained when a desolva- tion system was used prior to aerosol introduction into the plasma (91/398). The system consisted of a cold finger con- denser and a cell containing concentrated H,SO to absorb water. 3.3.2. Electrothermal ryaporization Heltai et al.(91/C491 91/1457) found that ETV sample intro- duction was a suitable method for the determination of Cu Fe and Zn in reference materials using both a 75 W toroidal MIP and a diffuse He MIP (see also 90/3967). Matrix interferences due to alkali metals were found to be significant for the toroid- a1 Ar MIP. Mingin et al. (91/40) used an ETV system to intro- duce aqueous samples into a 2.45 GHz 500 W He MIP. Detection limits for 15 pi samples were 10 pg Cd; 30 pg Cu; 300 pg Br; and 120 pg C1. Kitagawa and Nishomoto (90/ 4 169) described a thermal vaporizer system where the sample solution was sprayed onto fused silica wool heated to 630- 945 "C. Water vapour from the heater was removed by a con- denser and the dry aerosol was passed to a capacitively coupled MIP run at 2.45 GHz 360 W.The system was opti- mized for the determination of Hg giving a detection limit of 1 pg I-' at 253.65 nm. Other relevant reports include references 91/43 91/1016 and 91/1017. 3.3.3. Chemical \tapour generation Drews e f al. (91/248) described a method for the determina- tion of Ni by generation of nickel tetracarhonyl using precon- centration on Chromosorb and detection with MIP-AES. The Ni3+ was reduced by tetrahydroborate to NiO which was reacted with CO to form NifCO),. The Ni(CO) was trapped in Chro- mosorb cooled by liquid Nz. The method gave a detection limit148R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 of 5 ng 1-I. Nakahara et al. (91/1128 91/1129) reported the in- direct determination of I based on the decrease of Hg emission intensity caused by the interference of I- on the SnCI reduc- tion of Hg2+ to HgO.The detection limit for the method was cited as 0.74 ng ml-I of I. Other reports include a comparison of vapour generation with ETV (91/1401) the determination of Se in soil samples (90/33 17) the determination of ASH and PH in N Ar and He (90/C3137) and the determination of As by preconcentration of ASH in an electrothermal vaporizer (90/3963). This technique gave an absolute detection limit of 1.2 pg. 3.3.4. Direct solids analysis Mohamed et al. (90/3606) reported the use of a spark ablation cell for the direct introduction of solids from electrically con- ductive surfaces. Aerosol-containing material ablated from the surface by a spark was swept into a pulsed MIP.The design of the unit was described and it was reported to give enhanced precision and detection compared with direct spark emission AES. Detection limits for Cr Mn and Ni were 100 60 and 60 pg g-I respectively. 3.3.5. Chromatography The use of MIPs as chromatographic detectors continues to provide the largest proportion of reports. Progress in this area has recently been reviewed by Uden et al. (90/2911). Gas chromatography. Perhaps the main reason for the growth in the number of papers in this area is the recent re-introduction of commercially available GC-MIP in- strumentation. Reports concerning the characterization of such a device and its application to a range of analytical problems have been produced (90/29 18 90/3992 90/3993 91/473 91/1037 91/1285).In this instrument the torch is combined with a computer-controlled spectrometer with a concave holographic grating and PDA which can be moved along the flat focal plane of the spectrometer. The PDA allows simultaneous background correction to be achieved which improves selectivity by factors of between 3 and 10. Detection limits (in pg s-') obtained with this system have been given as Br 13; C 1; CI 40; H 4; N 50; 0 120 and S 2. The range of applications includes the determination of molecular formulae (9 l/C653) the determination of sulpho- nated compounds (90/C3233) and the determination of ha- logenated compounds (90/C3224). Ebdon et al. (90/C3229 91/C755) used the instrument to determine Pb in gasoline and halogen containing compounds in environmental samples to monitor the degradation of crude oil spills and to investigate metal containing porphyrins in oil fractions.Developments in other instrumentation for GC applications include a novel capacitively coupled plasma torch (90/2074) and a laminarflowi torch for an He MIP (9 1/25). The detection of S using an MIP has been described by Schmid et al. (90/3405) who found that sensitivity and selec- tivity were strongly dependent on the plasma gas flow rate and incident power to the plasma. Bradter et al. investigated the determination of C (91/100) while Uchida et al. (91/10) de- scribed a capacitively coupled He MIP with a tubular tantalum electrode that gave detection limits of 20 pmol for halogenated compounds using the carbon emission at the C 193.091 nm line and 2 nmol using the CI 479.454 nm and Br 470.486 nm 3.3.5.1.lines. The same instrument was evaluated for the determina- tion of inorganic and organic Sn species following hydride generation and cold trapping of the analyte (90/3490). Green- way and Barnett (90/2073) described the use o€ an He GC- MIP system (2.45 GHz lOOW) for the determination of alkyl- lead and alkylmercury compounds. Optimization studies showed that the plasma gas flow rate was the most critical parameter and detection limits of 1 pg were obtained without background correction or the use of scavenger gases. Isotopic information can be derived using GC-MIP systems. Goode et al. (91/862 90/C3403) described the use of an atmo- spheric pressure MIP for the determination of 'H in GC efflu- ent.Optimization of the device using a simplex procedure gave a ,H:'H selectivity of 60 1. The detection limit for 'H was 4 pg s-I however sensitivity was limited by background emis- sion arising from water vapour. The selective determination of has been described by Quimby et al. (90/C3225) who achieved sub-ng detection limits by monitoring the CO mole- cu lar bands. An area where GC-MIP is beginning to have a major impact is in the determination of empirical formulae. Huang et al. (90/3494) found that any member of a homologous series of hydrocarbons was a suitable reference compound for the determination of empirical formulae. However a very similar structure was required when determination of the em- pirical formulae of halogenated or aromatic compounds was required.The validity of the empirical formulae obtained by this technique has been assessed by Valente and Uden (901 350) who proposed a new model that gave more reliable molecular formulae compared with previous approaches. Other reports relevant to this topic include the determination of H:C ratios (90/4004) the combination of GC-AES with FTIR and MS in the identification of unknowns (90/C2927) and the use of MIP atomic emission detection as a modification to laboratory simulated distillation procedures (90/C3227). Although this review is intended to consider the techniques of atomic spectrometry it would be remiss to exclude reports concerning the use of microwave plasma sources to generate molecular emission. In this respect Kuss et al.(90/C2952 91/ C500) have described the use of molecular fragment emission spectroscopy. A 2.45 GHz Ar plasma operated at 2 mbar and 30 W decomposed molecular compounds to a series of two- atom fragments the emissions from which can be used to assist in identifying the compounds. 3.3.5.2. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The work of Motley and Long provided the greatest number of reports on the combination of SFC and MIPs (90/33033 91/ 93 9 1/86 1 90/C3044 90/C3234). These workers described the use of a 150 W toroidal plasma sustained in a TM,,, cavity. Unfortunately data on the analytical performance of the system is limited as yet. Hieftje's group reported the evaluation of an SFC-MIP system which incorporated a suface wai'e sustained plasma (91/463 9 1/863).An Ar plasma was suitable for the determination of ferrocene but for the determination of C1 an He plasma was required. With this system a detection limit of 25 pg s-' for S could be attained. Webster and Carnahan (91/1537) found that the emission in- tensities of CI atom and especially ion lines in the He MIP were reduced when the flow rate of either the N1O or CO eluent was increased. The intensity reductions were more pro- nounced with CO compared with N,.JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 1 VOL. 6 149R 4. DIRECT CURRENT PLASMAS 4.1. Fundamental Studies This review period has seen a sharp rise in the number of pub- lished papers concerning the DCP. Voinovitch (91/55) has re- viewed the application of the DCP to the analysis of silicates.The report included a comparison of the two and three elec- trode plasma jets and commented on the addition of He and Ne to the Ar plasma gas. LeBlanc and Blades (90/3492) have published their work using laser-induced fluorescence to investigate the mecha- nisms involving the effects of EIEs on analyte excitation in the DCP (see also J . Anal. At. Spectrom. 1990 5 190R). The detailed model for spectrochemical excitation proposed by Miller et al. (Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1984 39 13) assumed that the addition of EIEs creates additional channels for energy transfer from the outer zones of the plasma to the analytical zone by acting as an electron donor raising energy via Ar and EIE lines. LeBlanc and Blades concluded that analyte emission enhancements occur at the periphery of the discharge and that ionization suppression of the analyte population by EIEs is more significant than previously believed.Monnig and Hieftje (90/3304) studied the noise amplitude spectra of the DCP and showed that flicker noise dominates the signal at low frequencies while white noise dominates at high frequencies. The nebulizer gas was found to produce audio-frequency noise but the addition of EIEs had little effect. 4.2. Sample Introduction Rayson and Chrisman (9 1/28) compared combinations of four nebulizers and three spray chambers for DCP-AES. These workers were unable to decide which combination gave the best analytical performance possibly because they failed to account for displacement of the plasma by changes in gas flow. It is hoped that in future studies they will consider the optimization of each combination using an appropriate multivariate algorithm rather than accept compromise conditions and hence achieve some objective information.Brindle and Le (90/C3100 91/875) developed a novel sample introduction system that allows a solution of an EIE to be introduced separately from the analytical sample. The system was found to perform better than the conventional system. Buckley and Boss (91/36) used a microprocessor con- trolled tungsten filament vaporizer for sample introduction. Absolute detection limits of 90 fg of Al 80 fg of Cs 200 fg of Cu and 200 fg of Fe were obtained which were cited as being some of the lowest values reported for any ETV plasma emis- sion technique using real samples. Barnett et al.(90/2078) determined F following generation of SiF and measurement of Si using the 25 1.61 1 nm line. The limit of detection for F was given as 0.9 pg ml-I. The DCP remains a popular device for the direct analysis of solids. Ebdon and Parry (91/92) have used DCP-AES for the determinations of 11 major minor and trace elements in coal. Samples were ground using zirconia beads for 4 h using 0.1 % Aerosol-OT as dispersant. Good agreement with certified values was found using unmodified instrumentation and simple aqueous calibration. Ek (91/874 90/C3 101) re- ported the use of a direct insertion device for the analysis of glass fibres. The technique was effective for high melting point materials. Calibration was achieved using fibres of known composition and by using a continuous feed of sample.Integration of the emission signal allowed 4% preci- sion to be obtained. The use of the DCP as an element- specific detector for liquid chromatography has been reported by Urasa et al. (90/3543 90/C2102) and by Ahmad et al. (90/ 2197 who used a DCP as an element-specific detector for Cr speciation studies. Other reports on the use of DCPs included the FZ determina- tion of B Cu Mo W and Zn in organic matrices (90/4006) the analysis of airborne particulates (9 1/98) the determination of trace metals in foods (90/C2929) the effects of exhaust gas ex- traction from the DCP (90/C3106) and the effects of EIE on spectral line intensities using a double-jet plasmatrun (90/3987). LOCATION OF REFERENCES The full list of references cited in this Update have been published as follows 90/1461-90/2277 J .Anal. At. Spectrom. 1990,5(5) 215R-242R. 90/2278-90/359 1 J . Anal. At. Spectrom. 1990,5(7) 278R-32 1 R. 90/3592-90/4179 J . Anal. At. Spectrom. 1990,5(8) 361R-378R. 91/1-91/825 J . Anal. At. Spectram. 1991,6( l) 41R-68R. 91/826-91/C1687 J . Anal. At. Spectrom. 1991,6(3) 109R-136R. Abbreviated forms of the literature references quoted (excluding those to Conference Proceedings) are given on the following pages for the convenience of the readers. The full references names and addresses of the authors and details of the Conference presentations can be found in the appropriate issues of JAAS cited above.150R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 Abbreviated List of References Cited in Update 901305.Anal. Chem. 1989 61 1513. 9012060. J. Anal. At. Spectrom.. 1989 4 705. 9012073. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1989 4 783. 9012074. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1989 4 789. 9012075. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1989 4 793. 9012078. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1989 4 805. 9012122. Nucl. lnstrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1989 43 490. 9012197. Analyst 1990 115 287. 9012201. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1989 44 1285. 9012202. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1989 44 1297. 9012208. Zh. Anal. Khim. 1989 44 814. 90/2250. Spectrom. 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ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA991060137R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1991

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 1 VOL. 6 152R Glossary of Abbreviations Whenever suitable elements may be referred to by their chemical symbols and compounds by their formulae. The following abbreviations are used extensiveiy in the Atomic Spectrometry Updates. a.c. AA AAS AE AES AF AFS AOAC APDC ASV CCP CMP CRM cw d.c. DCP DMF DNA EDL EDTA EDXRF EIE EPMA ETA ETAAS ETV EXAFS FAAS FAB FAES FAFS FI FT FTMS GC GD GDL GDMS Ge(Li) HCL h.f. HG HPGe HPLC IAEA IBMK ICP ICP-MS IR alternating current atomic absorption atomic absorption spectrometry atomic emission atomic emission spectrometry atomic fluorescence atomic fluorescence spectrometry Association of Official Analytical Chemists ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (ammonium pyrrolidin-1-yldithioformate) anodic stripping voltammetry capacitively coupled plasma capacitively coupled microwave plasma certified reference material continuous wave direct current d.c.plasma Nfl-dimethy lformamide deoxyribonucleic acid electrodeless discharge lamp ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence easily ionizable element electron probe microanalysis electrothermal atomization electrothermal atomic absorption electrothermal vaporization extended X-ray absorption fine structure flame AAS fast atom bombardment flame AES flame AFS flow injection Fourier transform Fourier transform mass spectrometry gas chromatography glow discharge glow discharge lamp glow discharge mass spectrometry lithium-drifted germanium hollow cathode lamp high frequency hydride generation high-purity germanium high-performance liquid chromatography International Atomic Energy Agency isobutyl methyl ketone (4-methylpentan-2- inductively coupled plasma inductively coupled plasma mass spectrome- try infrared spectrometry spectroscopy one) IUPAC LC LEI LMMS LTE MECA MIP MS NAA NaDDC NIES NIST NTA OES PIGE PIXE PMT PPb PPm PTFE QC r.f.REE( s) RIMS RM RSD S/B SEC SEM SFC Si(Li) SIMAAC SIMS S/N SR SRM SSMS STPF TCA TIMS TLC TOP0 TXRF u.h.f. uv VDU vuv WDXRF XRF International Union of Pure and Applied liquid chromatography laser-enhanced ionization laser microprobe mass spectrometry local thermal equilibrium molecular emission cavity analysis microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry neutron activation analysis sodium diethyldithiocarbamate National Institute for Environmental National Institute of Standards and nit r i lot r i ace t ic acid optical emission spectrometry particle-induced gamma-ray emission particle-induced X-ray emission photomultiplier tube parts per billion parts per million pol ytetrafluoroethy lene quality control radiofrequency rare earth element(s) resonance ionization mass spectrometry reference material relative standard deviation signal to background ratio size-exclusion chromatography scanning electron microscopy supercritical fluid chromatography lithium-drifted silicon simultaneous multi-element analysis with a continuum source secondary ion mass spectrometry signal to noise ratio synchrotron radiation Standard Reference Material spark source mass spectrometry stabilized temperature platform furnace trichloroacetic acid thermal ionization mass spectrometry thin-layer chromatography trioctylphosphine oxide total reflection X-ray tluorescence ul tra-high-frequency ultraviolet visual display unit vacuum ultraviolet wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence X-ray fluorescence Chemistry Studies Technology

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA991060152R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1991

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

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Determination of trace rare earth elements (REE) by emission spectrometry high temperature flames (FES) or ICP-OES (Dept. Anal. Chem. Masaryk Univ. and Unigeo Lab. 61 1 37 Brno Czechoslovakia). Hulmston P. Eaton A. N. Hutton R. C. Belton P. De- termination of selenidm by electrothermal vaporization induc- tively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS) (VG Elemental Ion Path Rd. Three Winsford Cheshire CW7 3BX. UK). Ikrenyi X. Effect of sheath gas on emission in IC plasma (Hungarian Geol. Surv. Budapest Hungary). Ilic Z. Georgijevic J. Georgijevic V.Simic D. Some in- ter-element effects in ICP-OES (Inst. Boris KidriE Boegrad Yugoslavia) Luguera M. Madrid Y. Camara C. Combination of ma- trix modifiers and graphite tubes pre-treatment to determine boron by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry (Dept. Quim. Anal. Fac. Quim. Univ. Complu- tense Ciudad Univ. 28040 Madrid Spain). Milton D. M. P. Charalambous P. M. Quadrupole based glow discharge mass spectrometry (VG MicroTrace Ion Path Rd. Three Winsford Cheshire CM7 3BX UK). Mir J. M. Castillo J. R. On-line generation and introduc- tion of volatile phases in atomic spectroscopy (Dept. Anal. Chem. Univ. Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain). Moenke-Blankenburg L. Gray A. L. Abell I. D. Schu- mann T. Gunther D. Comparison of laser micro ICP atom- ic emission spectrometry and laser ablation ICP mass spectro- metry in the light of glass analysis (Martin-Luther-Univ.Dept. Chem.. Halle Germany). Morita M. Ito H. Uehiro T. Otauka K. High resolution mass spectrometry with inductively coupled argon plasma ion- ization source. (Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. Onogawa Taukuba Ibaraki 305 Japan). Neubauer J. Maier K. Comparison of flow injection sys- tems for AAS application (Motoren- und Turbinen-Union Munchen D-8000 Munich 50 Germany). Pohl B. Steeg U. Detection of mercury in the low-ppb range with AAS (Varian Alsfelder Str. 6 6100 Darmstadt. Germany). Rauret G. Rubic R. Padro A. Arsenic speciation using HPLC-HG-ICP with gas separator (Dept. Quim. Anal. Univ. Barcelona Barcelona Spain). Robles L. C. Garcia-Olalla C. Alemany M.T. Aller A. J. Solvent-extraction method for the determination of berylli- um by atomic absorption spectrometry (Dept. Biochem. and Mol. Biol. Univ. Leon 24071 Leon Spain).156R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 I VOL. 6 91/C1786. Routh M. W. Cassagne P. Johnson T. J. Temperature controlled sample introduction in ICP-AES (Applied Re- search Laboratories En Vallaire CH-1024 Ecublens Switzer- land). 91/C1787. Sanchez M. Gazquez D. Garcia P. Determination of mo- lybdenum by atomic absorption spectrometry after separation by 5.5-methylenedisalicylohydroxamic acid extraction and further SCN-Sn reaction (Dept. Anal. Chem.. Fac. Sci. Univ. Granada Granada Spain). 91/C1788. Sanz J. Martinez M. T. Galban J. Study of the interfer- ence of iron and mercury in the determination of antimony by HG-AAS.Use of speciation models (Anal. Chem. Dept. Univ. Coll. La Rioja. Univ. Zaragoza 26001-Logrono Spain). 91/CI 789. Schnipper A. Jms O. Phosphate interference in the deter- mination of selenium by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using Zeeman effect as well as deuterium-arc background correction (Dept. Gen. Chem. Royal Danish Sch. Pharm. Univ. 2 DK-2 I 0 0 Copenhagen 0 Denmark). 9l/C 1790. Schrumel P. Xu L.-q. Determination of arsenic sele- nium antimony bismuth and tin in biological and environ- mental samples by hydride generation sequential ICP with- out a gas-liquid seperator (Oesellschaft fur Strahlan- und Umweltforschung Inst. Okolog. Chem. D-8042 Neuherberg Germany). 91/C1791. Steffan I.Vujioio G. Effect of water miscible organic sol- vents on an ICP discharge (Univ. Vienna Inst. Anal. Chem. A- 1090 Vienna Waehringerstr. 38 Austria). 91/C1792. Thorlacius A. Hauge S. Maroys K. Sulphur analysis with an AAS instrument (Agric. Res. Inst. Keldnabolt 110 Reykjavik Iceland). 91/C1793. Vasconcelos M. T. S. D. Machado A. A. S. C. Silva P. A. P. Determination of lead in blood by graphite probe ETAAS. (Chem. Dept. Fac. Sci. P4000 Porto Portugal). 91/C1794. Vereda Alonso E. Sanchez Rojas F. Chakrabarti A. K. Garcia de Torrea A. Can0 Pavon J. M. Determination of nickel in biological samples by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry using a previous extraction with 1 S-bis(di-2- pyridylmethylene)thiocarbonohydrazide (Dept. Anal. Chem. Fac. Sci. Univ. Malaga 2907 1 Malaga Spain).91/C1795. Vasconcelos M. T. S. D. Machado A. A. S. C. Silva P. A. P. Determination of lead in blood by graphite probe ETAAS (Chem. Dept. Fac. Sci. P4000 Porto Portugal). 91/C1796. Vereda Alonso E. Sanchez Rojas F. Chakrabarti A. K. Garcia de Torres A Can0 Pavon J. M. Determination of nickel in biological samples by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry using a previous extraction with I ,5-bis(di-2- pyridylmethylene)thiocarbonohydrazide (Dept. Anal. Chem. Fac. Sci. Univ. Malaga 2907 1 Malaga Spain). 91/C1797. Zaranyika M. F. Nyakonda C. Moses P. Effect of excess sodium on the excitation of potassium in an air-acetylene flame a steady state kinetic model which takes into account collisional excitation. 91/C1798. Wehrstein E. Burns K. About the determination of trace amounts of lead in nutrition samples by ETAAS (Intemation- al Atomic Energy Agency Agency’s Lab.Seiberadorf Chem. Unit P.O. Box 100 A-I400 Vienna Austria). 9llC1799. Kalinowaki K. Determination of inorganic traces in metallo- 91/c 9 I/C organic compounds for MOCVD by spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS). (Inst. Electronic Mater. Technol. 09- 9 19 Warsaw. Wdczynska 133 Str. Poland). 800. Bacyens W. Lansens P. Meuleman C. Leermakers M. Casias C. Assessment of organomercury compounds in vari- ous substrates with headspace gas chromatography microwave induced plasma (HS-GC-MIP) advantages and limitations. (Anal. Chern. Fac. Sci. Vrije Univ. Brussel Pleinlaan 2 B- 1050 Brussels Belgium). 801. Weber G. Speciation of iron using HPLC with electrochemi- cal and flame-AAS detection (Inst.Spektrochem. und angew. 9 1 / c 1 802. 9 I /C 1803. 9 1 /C 1 804. 9 1 / c 1 805. 9 IlC 91/c 91/c 91/C 91/c 9 I/C 806. 807. 808. 809. 810. 81 1. 9 1 /C 1 8 1 2. 9 1 / c 1 8 1 3. 9I/C 9l/C 814. 8 15. 9 I /C I 8 I 6. 9 1/C18 17. Spektrosk. Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 1 I D-4600 Dortmund I Germany). Vandegans J Rosseels P. Desclee X. Solid injection in atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomiza- tion (Dept. Anal. Chem. Inst. Industries de Fermentation Inst. Meurice Chim. B- I070 Brussels Belgium). Vandecasteele C. Activation analysis present status in rela- tion to other analytical techniques (Lab. Anal. Chem. Inst. Nucl. Sci. Ghent Univ. Proeftuinstr. 86 B-9000 Gent Bel- gium). Dubois J. C. Retali G. Isotopic analysis of rare earth ele- ments by total sample evaporation with a thermal mass spec- trometer (C.E.A..Seain C.E.N. Saclay France). Celati N. Degout D. Parrat D. Quantitative analysis of thin films using glow discharge optical spectroscopy (E.T.C.A./CREA 16 bis Avenue Prieur de la CBte d’Or F- 941 14 Arcueil Cedex France). Mathieu F. Legrand P. Hecq M. Quantitative analysis of boron and oxygen by low energy electron induced X-ray emis- sion spectroscopy (Univ. Mons Lab. Chim. Anal. et Inorg. 23 Av. Maistriau 7000 Bons Belgium). Monzo J. Garcia-Anton J. Guinon J. L. Influence of ele- mental sulphur and mercaptans on the corrosion of copper strips in ASTM D-130 test by means of electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). (Dept. In&. Quim.y Nucl. E.T.S.I. Industriales Univ. PolitCc. de Valencia. 4607 1 Valencia Spain). Nagy P. Toth A. C. Baan I. I. Characterization of micro- textural features by EDS techniques in Al alloys and refracto- ry materials (Hungalu Eng. and Dev. Centre H - 1389. Budapest P.O. Box 128 Hungary). Skryabin I. L. Zuev B. K. Kordonaky L. E. Laser sampling of solids in vacuum and liquid media for purposes of local analysis (Vernadaky Inst. Geocheni. and Anal. Chem. USSR Acad. Sci. 19 Kosygin st. Moscow 117334 USSR). Knapp G. Mechanized techniques for sample decomposition and element preconcentration (Dept. Anal. Chem. Micro- and Radiochem. Graz Univ. Technol.. Technikerstr. 4. A- 80 10 Graz Austria). Kingston H. M. Settle F. A. Pleva M. A. Walter P. J. Jassie L. B. Automated microwave sample preparation (Natl.Inst. Stand. Technol. Center for Anal. Chem.. Inorg. Anal. Res. Div. Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA). Cornelis R. Sample preparation techniques for trace element determination in biological material (Lab. Anal. Chem. Unlv. Ghent Proeftuinstr. 86 B-9000 Ghent Belgium). Sanz-Medel A. Menendez A. Sanchez-Uria J. E. Valdes-Hevia C. Camuha J. F. Tandem on-line separation and preconcentration techniques in atomic spectrometry (Dept. Quim. Fis. y Anal. Fac. Quim. Univ. Oviedo Spain). Burba P. Analytical preconcentration of trace elements by means of anion exchangers functionalized with metal rea- gents (Inst. Spektrochem. und angew. Spektrosk.. D-4600 Dortmund Germany). Garip M. U. Thompson M. Foam fractionation of trace metal ions as preconcentration technique in quantitative trace analysis (Centre for Anal.Sci. Birkbeck Coll. Univ. Lon- don Gordon House 29 Gordon Sq. London WClH OPP UK). Knapp G. Prakash N. Michaelis M. R. A. Miiller H. TraceCon+omputer-cont rol led apparatus for on-line element preconcentration for flame AAS and ICP-OES (Dept. Anal. Chem. Micro- and Radiochem.. Graz Univ. Technol. Tech- nikerastr. 4 8010 Graz Austria). McLeod C. W. Jian W. Flow injection as an aid to element speciation (Chem. Anal. Res. Centre Sheffield City Poly- tech. Pond St. Sheffield UK).JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 1 VOL. 6 157R 91/C1818. Myasaedova G. V. Complexing sorbents Polyorgs and their application for preconcentration of metals in inorganic analy- sis (V. I. Vernadski Inst.Geochem. and Anal. Chem. USSR Acad. Sci. Moscow USSR). 9 1/C18 19. Ochsenkuhn-Petropulu M. Application of a macroporous ion exchanger for the selective separation and enrichment of uranium from Greek uraniferous coaly clays with special reference to the determination techniques of uranium (Lab. Anal. and Inorg. Chem. Dept. Chem. Eng. Natl. Tech. Univ. Athens Iroon Polytech. 9 Sografou 15773 Athens Greece). 91/C1820. Panholzer P. Knapp G. Kettisch P. Schalk A. Sample decomposition in closed vessels with a pressure controlled mi- crowave oven (Dept. Anal. Chem. Micro- and Radiochem. Graz Univ. Technol. Technikerstr. 4,8010 Graz Austtja). 91/C1821. Wolf E. Panholzer F. Wegscheider W. Knapp G. Acid 9 l/C 9 l/C 9 1/C 9 1/C decomposition of geological samples by microwaves for the determination of trace concentrations of rare earth elements (Inst.Anal. Chem. Micro- and Radiochem. Graz Univ. Tech- nol. Technikerstr. 4 8010 Graz Austria). 822. Xeiller E. Schelens R. Influence of digestion methods on the determination of total Al in food samples by ICP-AES (International Atomic Energy Agency Agency’s Lab. Chem. Unit P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna Austria). 823. George T. Otto M. Wegscheider W. Wolf E. Expert system for automated qualitative X-ray fluorescence analy- sis (Dept. Chem. Bergakademic Freiberg Freiberg Germa- ny>. 824. Kurfurst U. Pauwels J. Grobecker K.-H. Stoeppler M. Muntau H. Distributions of trace elements in powdered sam- ples and their statistical treatment (Comm. Eur. Communities Joint Res. Centre Cent. Bur.for Nucl. Measurements B-2440 Geel Belgium). 825. Nikiforov A. Jirowatz L. Woidich A. Multivariate princi- ples and the use of semiautomatic evaluation and partial inter- pretation of combined GC-MS -FUR -AES data (Inst. Org. Chem. Univ. Vienna Vienna Austria). 91/C1826. Otto M. George T. Wold E. Wegscheider W. Neural networks for automated qualitative analysis in atomic spectro- copy (Dept. Chem. Bergakademie Freiberg 9200 Freiberg Germany). 9 1/C1827. Schramel P. Quality control in inorganic (environmental) trace analysis (Gesellachaft fur Strahlen- und Umweltfors- chung Inst. Okolog. Chem. D-8042 Neuherberg Germa- ny 1. 9 I/C 1828. Cornelis R. Journey through the hazards of possible errors in the analysis of trace elements in body fluids and tissues (Lab. Anal.Chem. Univ. Ghent Proeftuinstr. 86 B-9000 Ghent Belgium). 91/C1829. Haydom K. How to detect errors in your own analytical re- 91/C 9 1/C 9 1/C 9 1/c 91/C sults before others do it for you (Isotope Div. Riss Natl. Lab. DK-4000 Rosidide Denmark). 830. Bergstrom B. Robertsson S. Stridh G. Matrix effects cause bias in quality control. An example from analysis of lead and cadmium in blood (Dept. Occup. Med. Orebro Med- ical Center Hospital Sweden). 831. Drabaek I. Quevauviller Ph. Muntau M. Griepink B. Improvement of the determination of organic mercury in solu- tions and fish extracts prior to certification (Danish Technol. Inst. Environ. Technol. Taastrup Denmark). 832. Frary B. D. Application of quality control (QC) protocols software to GFAAS data (Varian Techtron Pty.679-701 Springvale Rd. Mulgrave 3 170 Victoria Australia). 833. Gogala A. VlaSi2 M. Turina S. Experience with interla- boratory tests of metals in Yugoslavia (Litostroj 6100 Ljubl- jana Djakovireva 36 Yugoslavia). 834. Griepink B. Wells D. E. Muntau H. Certification of refe- rence materials for marine monitoring [Community Bur. Reference (BCR) Brussels Belgium]. 9 l/C 1835. 9 l/C 1836. 9 1 /C 1 837. 9 1 /C 1 838. 91/C1839. 91/C 91/C 840. 841. 9 1 /C 1 842. 9 1/C 1843. 9 1/C 1844. 9 1 /C 1845. 9 l/C 1846. Griepink B. Muntau H. Certification of trace elements in waste materials [Comm. Eur. Communities Community Bur. Reference (BCR) Brussels Belgium]. Griepink B. Maier E. A. Muntau H. Certification of reference materials for agricultural analysis [Community Bur.Reference (BCR) Brussels Belgium]. Griepink B. Wagstaffe P. J. Montau H. Schramel P. Certification of trace elements in food materials (Comm. Eur. Communities Community Bur. Reference Brussels Bel- gium). van Raaphorst J. G. Lub Tj.Th. Is there a hierarchy of methods? (ECN Petten The Netherlands). Klok Ad. Uitbeijerse E. Inorganic multi-element analysis using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrosco- py according to the contract laboratory program (CLP) quality control regulations (Baird Europe B. V. Produktieweg 30 2382 PC Zoeterwoude The Netherlands). Lucker E. Kreuzer W. Rosopulo A. Analytical quality control by solid sampling GFAAS in the production of animal tissue reference materials lead and cadmium in four bovine liver reference materials.(Inst. fur Tierarztliche Nahrungsmit- telkunde Frankfurterstrasse 92 D-6300 Giessen Germany). Maier E. A. Quevauviller Ph. Griepink B. Muntau H. Certified reference material for the quality control of trace ele- ment determinations in human hair [Community Bur. Refe- rence (BCR) CEC Brussels Belgium]. Quevauviller Ph. Maier E. A. Griepink B. Certified refe- rence material for the quality control of major compounds de- termination in freshwater [Comm. Eur. Communities Com- munity Bur. of Reference (BCR) rue de la Loi 200 1049 Brussels Belgium]. Quevauviller Ph. Griepink B. Maier E. A. Meinems H. Muntau H. Analytical quality control of tributyltin in the environment [Community Bur. Reference (BCR) CEC Brus- sels Belgium]. Valkovic V. Burns K. Dekner R. Strachnov V.Analyt- ical quality control services a programme of the International Atomic Energy Agency (International Atomic Energy Agen- cy Agency’s Lab. Beibersdorf Chem. Unit P.O. Box 100 A- 1400 Vienna Austria). Vandendriessche S. Griepink B. Marchandise M. Pla- zanet C. Certified reference materials for the determination of the composition of zinc and zinc alloys by emission spectrometry [Comm. Eur. Communities Community Bur. Reference (BCR) Brussels Belgium]. VlaSit M. G d l F.,Sidjanin L. Rehfk N.,Preparation and quality control of reference materials for OES analysis of malle- able cast iron (Iron-works “Kikinda” Kikinda Yugoslavia). Papers 9 1 /C 1847-9 1lC209 1 were presented at the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy So- cieties Cleveland OH USA 7th-12th October 1990.91/C1847. Miiller-Vogt G. Hahn L. Wendl W. Influence of oxygen on the determination of Cd Ga Ge Sn As Sb and Bi by graphite furnace AAS (Kristall- und Materiallabor Univ. Karlsruhe Kaiserstr. 12 75 Karlsruhe Germany). 911C1848. Holcombe J. A. Hassell C. D. Styris D. Looking at reac- tions on the surface of a graphite furnace (Dept. Chem. The Univ. of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA). 91/C 91/C 849. Redfield D. A. Styris D. L. Quantification of pre- atomization losses in graphite furnace atomic absorption spec- troscopy (Northwest Nazarene Coll. Nampa ID 83686 USA). 850. Rayson G. D. Fresquez M. R. Lenhoff D. A Time- dependent loss mechanisms occurring in a graphite furnace during the thermal pre-treatment stage (Chem.Dept. Box 30001 New Mexico State Univ. Las Cruces NM 88003 USA).158R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 91/C1851. Gilchrist G. F. R. Chakrabarti C. L. Ashley J. T. Sup- ply and removal of some analytes and their mechanisms of atomization in GFAAS (Centre Anal. Environ. Chem. Dept. Chem. Carleton Univ. Ottawa Ontario K 1 S 5B6 Canada). 91/C1852. Styris D. L. Holcombe J. A. True J. B. Atomization 9l/C 91/C 91/C mechanisms for aluminium by real-time mass spectrometry (Pacific Northwest Lab. P.O. Box 999 Richland WA 99352 USA). 853. Rtiitka J. Enhancement of atomic and molecular spectros- copy by flow injection method (Dept. Chem. BG-10 Univ. Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA). 854. Tyson J. F. Flow injection techniques for atomic spectro- metry.Steps in the right direction? (Dept. Chem. Univ. Mas- sachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA). 855. Israel Y. Barnes R. M. Stopped-flow study of dispersion by diffusion in flow injection using plasma atomic emission spectrometry (Dept. Chem. Lederle Graduate Res. Center Univ. Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003-0035 USA). 9 l/C 1856. Browner R. F. Zhu G. Investigation of parameters for flow injection coupled to ICP-MS (Sch. Chem. and Biochem. Georgia Inst. Technol. Atlanta GA 30332-0400 USA). 91/C1857. Schlemmer G. Guo T. Determination of mercury in an ex- cess of silver nitrate using flow injection atomic spectroscopy cold vapour techniques. (Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer P.O. Box 10 1 1 64 D-7770 Uberlingen Germany). 91/C1858. Erler W. Guo T. Li Z. McIntosh S. Determination of hydride-forming elements in various matrices using flow in- jection atomic absorption spectrometry (Bodenseewerk Per- kin-Elmer Uberlingen Germany).91/Cl859. Lancaster H. L. RiiiEka J. Marshall G. D. Single line FIA applications for analyte preconcentration in atomic spec- troscopy (Univ. Washington Dept. Chem. BG-10 Seattle. WA 98155 USA). 91/C1860. Su E. G. Irwin R. L. Michel R. G. High resolution back- ground correction by wavelength modulation in laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry (Dept. Chem. Univ. Con- necticut U-60 Storrs CT 06268 USA). 9 1/C 186 I . O’Haver T. C. Effect of the spectral distribution of the light 91/C 91/C 91/c source on the signal to noise ratio of absorption spectrometry (Dept. Chem. and Biochem. Univ.Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA). 862. Tan H.-m. Clifford R. H. Nam S. Cai M. Montaser A. Solvent-analyte separator for atomic emission and mass spectrometry an update (Dept. Chem. George Washington Univ. Washington DC 20052 USA). 863. Klunder G. L. Boss C. B. Unique vaporization interferenc- es in flames (North Carolina State Univ. Dept. Chem.. Ra- leigh NC 27695-8204 USA). 864. Debrah E. Al-Alousy A. Tyson J. F. On-line sample clean-up for flame atomic absorption spectrometry using flow injection precipitation techniques (Dept. Chem. Univ. Massa- chusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA). r)l/C1865. Dulude G. R. Pfeil D. L. Stanley A. M. Automated AA for sequential and simultaneous determinations (Thermo Jar- rell Ash Corp.. 8E Forge Parkway Franklin MA 02038 USA).9 I/C1866. Psalstrom K. C. Stabilized four legged direct current plasma source (Spectra Hardware P.O. Box 368 Wastmoreland City PA 15692. USA). 91/C1867. Brushwyler K. R. Hanselman D. S. Hieftje G. M. Diag- nostic studies of a novel frequency-selectable solid-state pow- er supply for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (Dept. Chem. Indiana Univ. Bloomington IN 47405 USA). 9I/C1868. Riley C. M. Chromatographic methods for the analysis of antineoplastic platinum complexes in biological fluids (Dept. Pharmaceutical Chem. and Center Bioanal. Res. Univ. Kan- sas Lawrence KS 660452504. USA). 911C1869. 91/C1870. 9 1/C 91/C 91/C 91/C 91/C 871. 872. 873. 874. 875. 9 I/C 1876. 9 1 /C 1 877. 9 1 / c 1 878. 91/C1879. 91/C1880. 9 1 /C 1 88 1. 9 I/C 1882.9 I/C 1883. 9 1 /C 1 884. 91/C 91/c 91/C 885. 886. 887. Hoeschele J. O. Utility of the radionuclide 195mPt. in the de- termination of the biodistribution and disposition of platinum antitumour drugs (Parke-Davis Pharm. Res. Div. Warner- Lambert Co. 2800 Plymouth Rd. Ann Arbor MI 48105 USA). Shaw F. 111 A potpoum of methods for studying gold drugs and their metabolites (Dept. Chem. Univ. Wisconsin Mil- waukee Milwaukee WI 53201 USA). Welz B. Radziuk B. Shan X. Metal surfaces-an alterna- tive to graphite in ETAAS? (Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer P.O. Box 10 11 64 D-7770 Uberlingen Germany). Holcombe J. A. Giiell 0. A. Optimized furnace design (Dept. Chem. Univ. Texas Austin TX 78712 USA). Falk H. Tandem emission sources based on graphite fumac- es performance considerations (Spectro Analytical Instru- ments Tiergartenstr.27,4190 Kleve Germany). Sturgeon R. Willie S. N. Luong V. T. Berman S. S. Analytical characteristics of furnace atomization plasma emis- sion spectrometry (Div. Chem. Natl. Res. Council of Canada Ottawa Ontario K 1 A 0R9 Canada). Blades M. W. Hettipathirana T. Liang D. C. Furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry-the effect of pressure and power (Dept. Chem. Univ. British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T lY6 Canada). Riby P. G. Harnly J. M. Styris D. L. Determination of As Cd Cu and Cr by hollow anode furnace atomization non- thermal excitation spectroscopy (USDA NCL BHNRC Bldg. 161 BARC-East Beltsville MD 20705 USA). Prell L. J. Styris D. L. Yttrium atomization-the mecha- nisms (Pacific Northwest Lab.P.O. Box 999 Richland WA 99352 USA). Browner R. F. Tarr M. A. Nwogu V. Ruiz A. Zhu G. Sample introduction systems in plasma spectrometry the cur- rent status and future directions (Sch. Chem. and Biochem.. Georgia Inst. Technol. Atlanta GA 30332-0400 USA). Montaser A. Advances in new sources for atomic spectro- metry (Dept. Chem. George Washington Univ. Washington DC 20052 USA). Denton B. M. Pomeroy R. S. Pilon M. J. Modem array detectors in analytical atomic emission spectrometry (Dept. Chem. Univ. Arizona Tucson AZ 8572 1 USA). Houk R. S. Recent advances in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Ames Lab. USDOE and Dept. Chem. Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 5001 1 USA). Harnly J. M. Optimum spectrometer parameters for detector noise limited atomic absorption spectrometry (USDA ARS Nutrient Composition Lab.Bldg. 16 I BARC-East Beltsville MD 20705 USA). Welz B. Sperling M. Fang Z. Koscielniak P. Flow injection the key to new applications in atomic Spectrometry ratio calibration and interference elimination (Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer P.O. Box 10 1 1 64 D-7770 Uberlingen Germany). Sullivan J. J. Needle finding by haystack removal spectral confirmation of ppb levels of heteroatoms in GC-AES (Hew- lett-Packard R. 41 and Starr Rd. Avondale PA 1931 I USA). Rayson G. D. Apparent time constants associated with exci- tation mechanisms in an ICP (Chem. Dept. Box 30001 New Mexico State Univ. Las Cruces NM 88003 USA). Skelly Frame E. M. Anderson D. A. Oleftrowicz K. A. Analysis of tungsten ‘microsamples’ for trace elements (GE Corp.Res. and Development P.O. Box 8 Building K- 1 Rm. 2A32 Schenectady NY 12301 USA). Brown P. G. Coleman G. On-line hydride generation for the determination of As Se and Pb by inductively coupledJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 159R 9 I/C 1888. 9 I/C 1889. 9 1 /C 1890. 9 1 / c 1 89 1 . 9 1/C 1892. 9 I/C 1893. 9 1 /C 1 894. 9 1/C 1 895. 91/C1896. 9 I/C 1897. 9 1 /C 1898. 9 I/C 1899. 9 1 /C 1900. 9 1/c I90 1. 9 I/C 1902. 9 1 / c 1903. 9 1 / c 1 904. 9 I/C 1905. plasma spectrochemical analysis (Leeman Labs SS Technol. Dr. Lovell MA 01854 USA). Borer M. W. Hieftje G. M. Considerations for developing a tandem source from a reduced pressure and an atmospheric pressure plasma (Dept. Chem. Indiana Univ. Bloomington IN 47405-4001 USA).Stark E. Performance measurement of a photodiode array spectrophotometer (KES Analysis 160 West End Ave. New York NY 10023 USA). Sheppard B. S. Shen W.4 Caruso J. A. Investigation of matrix induced interferences in inductively coupled helium- argon plasma mass spectrometry (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincin- nati Cincinnati OH 4522 I USA). McLaren J. W. Lam J. W. Gustavsson A Evaluation of a membrane interface sample introduction system for ICP- MS (Chem. Div.. Natl. Res. Council of Canada Ottawa KIA OR9 Canada). Smith F. G. Wiederin D. R. Houk R. S. Modified plas- mas for alleviating polyatomic ion interferences in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Ames Lab. USDOE and Dept. Chem. Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 5001 1 USA). Cable P. R. Marcus R.K. R.f.-glow discharge mass spectrometry with an external sample mount geometry (Dept. Chem. Howard L. Hunter Chem. Lab. Clemson Univ.. Clem- son SC 29634- 1905 USA). Olson L. K. Story W. C. Caruso J. A. Structural and quantitative analysis of halogenated compounds using low- pressure helium microwave-induced plasma mass spectro- metry (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 4522 I USA). Chambers D. M. Hieftje G. M. Design considerations for next-generation ICP-MS instruments (Chem. Dept. Indiana Univ. Bloomington. IN 47405 USA). Caruso J. A. Sheppard B. S. Creed J. T. Shen W A Story W. C. Alternate plasma sources for plasma source mass spectrometry (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinna- ti OH 45221 USA). Hutton R. C. Potter D. Walsh A. ICP-MS analyses of electronic grade reagents using both nebulization and electro- thermal vaporization (VG Elemental Ion Path Rd.Three Winsford Cheshire CW7 3BX UK). Syty A. Morocco M. T. Vrana M. A. Selective precon- centration of Cr"'. (Dept. Chem. Indiana Univ. Pennsylvania Indiana PA 15705 USA). Slavin W. Is furnace AAS in competition with ICP mass spectroscopy? (Perkin-Elmer Corp. Norwalk CT 06859- 0237 USA). Koirtyohann S. R. Broadway S. Pickett E. E. Flame in- terferences revisited (Univ. Missouri 123 Chem. Bldg.. Co- lumbia MO 652 1 1 USA). Alvarez R. 25 years of progress in developing chemical composition standard reference materials (Natl. Inst. Stan- dards and Technol. Bldg. 202 Rm. 215 Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA). Irgolic K. J. Puri B. K. Analytical methods for the deter- mination of arsenic compounds (Inst.Anal. Chem.. Karl- Franzens Univ. Graz. Univ I A-8010 Graz Austria). Chau Y. K. Chromatographic techniques in metal specia- tion (Natl. Water Res. Inst. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. Burlington. Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada). Caruso J. A. Sheppard B. Suyani H. Shen W . 4 Vela N. Al-Reshdan A. Heitkemper D. Metal speciation by chromatography with plasma mass spectrometry detection. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati. OH 4522 I USA). McLaren J. W. Lam J. W. Siu K. W. M. Berman S. S. Determination of trace element speciation in marine reference 9 1 / c 1 906. 9 1/c 1 907. 9 I/C 1908. 9 1 /C 1 909. 91/c19 91/c19 91/C19 91/C19 91/C19 91/c19 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 9 1 /C 1 9 1 6. 9 1/c 19 17. 91/C19 91/C19 8. 9. 9 1/C 1920. 9 1 / c I 92 1 .materials (Chem. Div. Natl. Res. Council of Canada Ottawa Ontario K 1 A OR9 Canada). de Loos-Vollebregt M. T. C. 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Further diagnostic studies of inductively cou- pled plasmas for new innovations in plasma spectrometry (Dept. Appl. Chem. Sch. Eng. Nagoya Univ. Chikusa-ku. Nagoya 464 Japan). Cassagne P. Foetisch M. Johnson T. Fry R. C. Routh M. Evaluation of ultrasonic nebulization for ICP-AES analy- sis of high purity acids and high salt samples (Applied Re- search Laboratories En Vallaire 1024 Ecublens Switzer- land). Clifford R. M. Montaser A. DeIan S. P. Capar S. G. Low-cost ultrasonic nebulizer for plasma spectrometry an up- date (Dept.Chem. George Washington Univ. Washington DC 20052 USA). de Loos-Vollebregt M. T. C. van Veen E. H. Analytical implications of Kalman filtering in ICP-AES (Delft Univ. Technol. De Vries van Heystplatnsoen 2 2628 RZ Delft The Netherlands). Tarr M. A. Zhu G.-x. Browner R. F. Particle size distri- butions and transport data of ultrasonic nebulizers used for ICP-AES and ICP-MS (Sch. Chem. and Biochem. Georgia Inst. Technol. Atlanta GA 30332-0400 USA). Carnahan J. W. Jones K. Wu W.-g. Hieftje G. M. Ion- ization and excitation of chlorine and other non-metals in he- lium and argon plasmas and discharges (Dept. Chem. North- ern Illinois Univ. DeKalb IL 601 15 USA). Tepperman K. Elder R. C. Jones V. B. Arneson L.Tarver M. Multi-element detection for HPLC using an in- ductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (Dept. Biol. Sci. and Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 4522 1-0006 USA). Briand A. Mauchien P. Mermet J. M. Influence of laser characterstics on laser ablation (Service d'Etudes Anal. CEA 922 Fontenay aux Roses Cedex France). RUSSO R. E. Chan W.-t. Fundamental and experimental in- vestigations of the laser solid interaction using ICP-AES (Lawrence Berkeley Lab. MS 90-2024 Berkeley CA 94720 USA). Tam A. C. Leung W.-p. Brand J. L. Laser sputtering of sapphire and ceramics (IBM Res. Almaden Res. Cent. 650 Harry Rd. San Jose CA 97 120-6899 USA). Richner P. Brushwyler K. R. Hieftje G. M. 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California Santa Cruz. CA 95064. USA). 91/C1927. Sacks R. D. McCaig L. Trivedi K. Sesi N. Shi Z. Brewer S. Jr. Magnetrons and particle beams plasma de- vices for the millitorr and sub-millitorr pressure range (Dept. Chem. Univ. Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA). 91/C1928. Blades M. W. Huang D. Hettipathirana T. Liang D. Capacitively coupled plasma sources for atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy (Dept Chem.. The Univ. British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Y6 Canada). 91/C1929. Alvarez Bolainez R. Hartman Webster G. Boss C. B. Analytical uses of the electrical properties of an argon micro- wave discharge (North Carolina State Univ.Dept. Chem. Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA). 91/C1930. Fang D.-c. Marcus K. R. Excitation characteristics of r.f. powered glow discharge sources (Dept. Chem. Howard L. Hunter Chem. Labs. Clemson Univ. Clemson SC 29634- 1905 USA). 9 I/C193 1. Majidi V. Ratliff J. L. Owens M. D. Emission character- istics of laser generated plasmas in flames (Dept. Chem.. Univ. Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA). 91/C1932. Dorman F. L. Goldberg J. M. Spatially and temporally re- solved studies of emission from a laser plasma at low pressure in a pulsed magnetic field (Dept. Chem. Univ. Vermont Bur- lington VT 05405-0125 USA). 91/C1933. Slinkman D. Sacks R. D. Hybrid rotating arc-tube furnace device for micro solution analysis (Dept.Chem. Univ. Michi- gan Ann Arbor. MI 48109 USA). 91/C1934. Miller D. I. Scheeline A. Correlating sampling efficiency and excitation with field geometry in a theta pinch discharge (Sch. Chem. Sci. Univ. Illinois 1209 W. California St. Box 80-5 Urbana IL 6 1801 USA). 9 I/C 1935. Wang Z.-w. Scheeline A. Analysis of powdered samples using a theta pinch discharge (Sch. Chem. Sci.. Univ. Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Box 33 RAL 1209 W. California St. Urbana IL 61 XO I USA). 91K19.36. McCowan G. J. Lanning L. A. Vincent J. J. Goldberg J. M. Concomitant effect studies with a plasma gun direct solid sampling atom source (Dept. Chem.. Univ. Vermont. Burlington VT 05405 USA). 9 l/C 1937. Miiller-Vogt G. Brunner G. Wendl W. Investigations of the application of sputtering processes as a new sampling tech- nique in GFAAS (Kristall- und Materiallabor Univ.Karla- ruhe Kaiserstr. 12 7500 Karlsruhe Germany). 91/C193X. Irwin R. L. Butcher D. J. Takahashi J. Michel R. G. Direct solid sampling of nickel based alloys by graphite fur- nace atomic absorption and laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry (Dept. Chem. Univ. Connecticut Storrs. CT 06269. USA). 91/C1939. Jackson K. W. Qiao HA. AtomiLation kinetics in slurry ETAAS. (Sch. Public Health State Univ. New York and New York State Dept. Health Wadsworth Center Albany NY 1220 1-9509. USA). 9 l/C 1940. Schlemmer G. Lehmann R. Wartusch R. Determination of environmentally relevant elements in coal and fly ash sam- ples using slurry sampling AAS (Bodenseewerk Perkin- Elmer P.O. Box 101 164 D-7770 Uberlingen Germany).91/C1941. Romero R. A. Granadillo V. A. Graphite furnace determi- nation of blood lead using palladium as a chemical modifier (Lab. Instrumentation Anal. Fac. Cienc. Univ. Zulia Vene- zuela). 91/C1942. Koons R. D. Mapping of lead distributions in surface soils by GFAAS with slurry sample introduction (Forensic Sci. Res. and Training Unit FBI Lab. FBI Acad. Qbantico VA 22 135 USA). 91/C1943. Dabeka R. W. Novel coprecipitation method for the isola- tion and concentration of lead and its application to the GFAAS determination of microtrace lead levels in biologicals and coal (Food Res. Div.. Bur. Chem. Safety Food Directo- rate Health Protection Branch Health and Welfare Canada Ottawa Ontario KIA 0L2 Canada). 91/C1944. Bye C. A. Scheeline A.Temperature diagnostics and exci- tation behaviour of single spark discharges (Sch. Chem. Sci. Univ. Illinois Box 70-5 Roger Adams Lab.. 1209 W. Califor- nia St. Urbana IL 61801 USA). 91/C1945. Grindle A. E. Foster R. W. Sotera J. J. Analysis of sixty seven elements using a forty seven channel polychromator (Thermo Jarrell Ash Corp. 8E Forge Parkway Franklin. MA 02038 USA). 91/C1946. Grindle A. E. Foster R. W. Sotera J. J. Rapid screening analysis with a sequential ICAP plasma spectrometer (Ther- mo Jarrell Ash Corp. 8E Forge Parkway Franklin. MA 02038 USA). 9 l/C 1947. Santoliquido P. M. Certified reference materials for the de- termination of uranium thorium and plutonium (US Dept. Energy New Brunswick Lab. 9x00 S. Cass Ave. Argonne. IL 60439 USA). 91/C1948.Dabeka R. W. STPF-what's missing'? (Food Res. Div.. Bur. Chemical Safety Food Directorate Health Protection Branch Health and Welfare Canada Ottawa Ontario K I A OL2. Canada). 9l/C 1949. Dabeka R. W. Automated GFAAS-autosampler analysis (Food Directorate Health Protection Ottawa Ontario K 1 A 0L2 Canada). 91/c 91/c 950. Navarro J. A. Granadillo V. A. Romero R. A. 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Initial studies of sample introduction into an ICP from a plasma gun atom source (Dept. Chem. Univ. Vermont. Burlington. VT 05405-0125 USA).JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 I VOL.6 161R 91/C1956. 9 I / c 1 957. 91/C1958. 91/C1959. 9 1/C 1960. 9 1/C I96 1. 9 1 /C 1962. 9 I/C 1963. 9 1 /C 1 964. 9 I /C 1965. 9 I/C 1966. 9 1 /C 1967. 9 I/C 1968. 91/C1969. 9 l/C 1970. 9 1/c197 1. 9 I/C 1972. 9 1 /C 1 973. Houk R. S. Niu H. Smith F. G. Wiederin D. R. Funda- mental aspects of inductively coupled plasma mass spectro- metry (Ames Lab. USDOE and Dept. Chem. Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 5001 I USA). Bradshaw N. Trace element analysis in difficult sample ma- terials by high resolution ICP-MS (VG Elemental Ion Path Rd. Three. Winsford Cheshire CW7 3BX UK). Carey J. M. Shen W. L. Evans E. H. Caruso J. A. Ac- cessing difficult elements in argon ICP-MS using electrother- mal vaporization (ETV) for sample introduction (Dept. Chem.Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA). Zhu G.-x. Pan C.-k. Tarr M. Browner R. F. Study of matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma mass spectro- metry (ICP-MS) (Sch. Chem. and Biochem. Georgia Inst. Technol. Atlanta GA 30332-0400 USA). Pan C.-k. Zhu G.-x. Browner R. F. Analytical studies of oxygen addition in ICP-AES and ICP-MS with organic sol- vent introduction (Sch. Chem. and Biochem. Georgia Inst. Techno]. Atlanta GA 30332-0400 USA). Denoyer E. Analysis of powdered and particulate materials by laser sampling ICP-MS (Perkin-Elmer Corp. 761 Main Ave. Norwalk CT 06859-02 19 USA). Shen WA. Vela N. P. Sheppard B. S. Mika L. Caruso J. A. Evaluation of inductively coupled plasma mass spectro- metry (ICP-MS) as an elemental detector for supercritical Auid chromatography (SFC) (Dept.Chem. Univ. Cincinnati. Cincinnati OH 45221 USA). Evans E. H. Satzger D. Caruso J. A. Electrothermal va- porization with a tantalum injector probe for microwave in- duced plasma mass spectrometry (Univ. Cincinnati Dept. Chem. ML# 172 Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 USA). Wiederin D. R. Smith F. G. Serfass R. E. Houk R. S. Improvements to the direct injection nebulizer for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Ames Lab USDOE and Dept. Chem. Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 5001 I USA). Montaser A. Tan H. Ishii I. Nam S. Cai M. Plasma potential and ion kinetic energies for Delsi-Nermag mass spectrometer interfaced to a versatile ICP system (Dept. Chem. George Washington Univ. Washington DC 20052. USA). Kingston H. M. Critical issues trends and methods in auto- mated analysis (Consortium on Automated Anal.Lab. Sys- tems Inorg. Anal. Res. Div. Center for Anal. Chem. National Institute Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA). Borsier M. Brenner I. B. le Marchand A. Development of an expert system for automated analysis of geological and environmental materials by ICP-AES [Bur. Rech. Geol. et Minieres (BRGM) B.P. 6009 45060 Orleans Cedex 2. France]. Fredeen K. J. Salit M. L. Yates D. A. Analytical utility of automated decision making in ICP-AES (Perkin-Elmer Corp. 761 Main Ave. Norwalk CT 06859-0219 USA). Blades M. W. Wirsz D. Line selection strategies for con- ventional and spectrally segmented photodiode array spec- trometers (Dept. Chem. Univ. British Columbia 2036 Main Mall. Vancouver. British Columbia V6T 1 Y6 Canada).Denton M. B. Role of array detectors in achieving improved automated analysis (Dept. Chem. Univ Arizona Tucson AZ 8572 I USA). Ediger R. D. Two approaches to the heuristic-based auto- mated interpretation of ICP-MS spectra (Perkin-Elmer Corp.. 76 1 Main Ave. Norwalk CT 06859-02 19 USA). Batie W. Bernhard. A. E. Glow discharge atomization does it change the way we look at AAS? (Analyte Corp. 910 Chevy Way Medford OR 97504 USA). Hutton J. C. Chakrabarti C. L. Bertels P. C. Back M. 9 1 / c 1 974. 9 1 / c 1 975. 9 1 /C 1 976. 9 I/C 1977. 9 1 / c 1 978. 91/C1979. 9 I/C 1980. 9 1 /C 1 98 1 . 9 1 / c 1 982. 9 I/C 1983. 9l/C 1984. 9 1 /C 1 985. 9 I/C 9l/C 9 I/C 986. 987. 988. 9 I/C 1989. 91/c1990. H. Performance of a laboratory constructed cathodic sputter- ing atomizer for atomic spectrometry (Center for Anal.and Environ. Chem. Dept. Chem. Carleton Univ. Ottawa Onta- rio K 1 S 5B6 Canada). Riby P. G. Harnly J. M. Styris D. L. Excitation charac- teristics in a hollow anode FANES system (USDA. NCL. BHNRC. Bldg. 161 BARC-East Beltsville. MD 20705. USA). Falk H. Separation of volatilization and excitation using glow discharges (Spectro Analytical InFtruments Tiergar- tenstr. 27,4190 Kleve Germany). Banks P. Blades M. W. Side-on viewed jet assisted glow discharge source (Dept. Chem. Univ. British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1 Y6 Canada). Winchester M. R. Lazik C. Marcus R. K. Characteriza- tion of a radiofrequency powered glow discharge atomic emis- sion source (Howard L. Hunter Chem.Lab. Dept. Chem. Clemson Univ. Clemson SC 29634- 1905 USA). Sacks R. D. McCaig L. Trivedi K. Sesi N. Shi Z. Brewer S. Jr. Properties and applications of a planar magnetron glow discharge (Dept. Chem. Univ. Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA). Heintz M. J. Galley P. J. Hieftje G. M. Spatial emission profiles of an r.f. glow discharge (Dept. Chem. Indiana Univ. IN 47405 USA). Leis F. Broekaert J. A. C. Steers E. B. M. Advantages and limitations of a microwave boosted glow discharge lamp. (Inst. Spektrochem. und angew. Spektrosk. Bunsen- Kirchhoff-Str. 1 I 4600 Dortmund Germany). Holcombe J. A. Fonseca R. W. Guell 0. A. Electrother- mal atomization of Cu from tantalum and graphite surfaces ‘carbon shells’ and re-adsorption (Dept. Chem. Univ. Texas at Austin Austin TX 787 12 USA).Ratliff J. Majidi V. Detection of species in a graphite fur- nace using laser induced plasmas (Dept. Chem. Univ. Ken- tucky Lexington KY 40506 USA). Guell 0. A. Holcombe J. A. Development of a complete picture for electrothermal atomization (Dept. Chem. Univ. Texas at Austin Austin TX 787 12 USA). Tikkanen M. W. Starek R. Peters S. Optimal use of chemical modifiers and background correction for ultratrace determination of analytes in highly matriced samples by graphite furnace AAS (Fisons Instruments/ARL 2491 1 Ave. Stanford Valencia CA 9 1355 USA). Guell 0. A. Holcombe J. A. Raderneyer C. J. Compari- son of contoured and conventional electrothermal atomizers (Dept. Chem. Univ. Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712. USA 1. Jackson K. W. Qiao HA. Palladium a chemical or physi- cal modifier for graphite furnace atomic absorption spectro- metry? (Sch.Public Health State Univ. New York and New York State Dept. Health Wadsworth Center Albany. NY 12202-0509 USA). Batie W. Bernhard A. E. Khan H. L. Multi-element part per billion analysis by furnace atomic absorption (Analyte Corp. 910 Chevy Way Medford OR 97504 USA). Moulton G. P. O’Haver T. C. Harnly J. M. Graphite fur- nace AAS with a high current pulsed continuum source and a linear photodiode array detector (Dept. Chem. Univ. Mary- land College Park MD 20742 USA). Delles F. Allen B. Automatic quality control for graphite furnace AAS (Varian Assoc. 201 Hansen Court Wood Dale IL 60191. USA). Simeonsson J. B. Ng K. C. Winefordner J. D. Laser in- duced fluorescence in the ICP (Dept.Chem. Univ. Florida Gainesville FL 3261 1. USA).162R 91/C1991. 9 1/C 1 992. 9 1/C 1993. 9 1 /C 1994. 9 l/C 9 1/C 91/C 995. 996. 997. 9 1/C 1998. 9 1/C 1999. 9 1/C2000. 9 1/C200 1. 91/C2002. 91/C2003. 9 1 /c2004. 91/C2005. 91/C2006. 9 1 /C2OO7. 91/C2008. Liang Z.-w. Walton A. P. Butcher D. J. Irwin R. L. Michel R. G. Laser excited atomic fluorescence spectro- metry in an anisotropic graphite tube heated by capacitive dis- charge (Dept. Chem. Univ. Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA). Simeonsson J. B. Ng K. C. Winefordner J. D. Fluores- cence DIP spectroscopy in the ICP (Dept. Chem. Univ. Flor- ida Gainesville FL 3261 1 USA). Irwin R. L. Butcher D. J. Takahashi J. Wei GA. Mich- el R. G. Laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry in an electrothermal atomizer with Zeeman background correction (Dept.Chem. Univ. Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA). Turk G. C. Travis J. C. Imaging of the active flame vol- ume for laser enhanced ionization (National Institute of Stan- dards and Technology Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA). Michaelis M. R. A. Prakash N. Knapp G. Automated element preconcentration for AAS and ICP-AES (Dept. Anal. Chem. Micro- & Radiochem. Graz Univ. Technol. Techni- kerstr. 4 A-8010 Graz Austria). Olesik J. W. Development of self-diagnosing feedback- controlled instruments for ICP-AES (Dept. Chem. Venable and Kenan Lab. Univ. North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 275 16-3290 USA). Heitkemper D. Wolnik K. Fricke F. L. Sheppard B. S. Caruso J. A. Determination of trace metals in foods by ICP- MS with on-line matrix removal by chelation ion chromato- graphy (Forensic Chem.Center US Food & Drug Admin. 1141 Central Parkway Cincinnati OH 45202 USA). Riviello J. M. Siriraks A. Manabe R. M. Automated sample pre-treatment using ion exchange for the determina- tion of noble and transition metals by ICAP-AES (Dionex Corp. 1228 Titan Way Sunnyvale CA 94086 USA). Womack J. B. Gessler E. M. Winefordner J. D. Laser excited atomic fluorescence in a pulsed glow discharge (Div. Anal. Chem. Univ. Florida Gainesville FL 3261 1 USA). Tong W. G. Weed K. Nunes J. Hyperfine structure and stable isotope ratio measurement by laser wavemixing spec- troscopy in a cathode discharge plasma (Dept. Chem. San Diego State Univ. San Diego CA 92182 USA). Ronan G. Wheeler D. Clark J. Electron enhanced high efficiency d.c.glow discharge source for the bulk analysis of solids (VG MicroTrace Ion Path Rd. Three Winsford Che- shire CW7 3BX UK). Vieth W. Huneka J. C. Relative sensitivity factors in glow discharge mass spectrometry (Charles Evans & Assoc. 301 Chesapeake Dr. Redwood City CA 94063 USA). Klingler J. A. Harrison W. W. Amplitude modulated ra- dio frequency glow discharge mass spectrometry (Dept. Chem. Univ. Florida FL 3261 1-2046 USA). Taylor W. S. Schaeffer R. A. Optimizing performance in glow discharge quadrupole mass spectrometry (Extrel Corp. 575 Epsilon Dr. Pittsburgh PA 15238 USA). Horlick G. Qin F. Characterization of high frequency sig- nal fluctuations in inductively coupled plasma atomic emis- sion spectrometry (Dept. Chem.Univ. Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada). Donohue D. L. Christie W. H. Duckworth D. C. Mar- cus R. K. GDMS studies of insulators and metals with the VG-9000 (Oak Ridge Natl. Lab. P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge IN 37831 USA). Hinds M. W. Determination of Au Pt and Pd in fine silver by GFAAS (Royal Canadian Mint 320 Sussex Dr. Ottawa Ontario KIA OG8 Canada). Welz B. Sperling M. Yin X. Flow injection on-line separ- ation and preconcentration for electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrometry (Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer P. 0. Box 10 1 1 64 D-7770 Uberlingen Germany). JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 1 VOL. 6 91/C2009. Shuttler I. Schlemmer G. Carnrick G. Slavin W. Re- sults of a graphite furnace round-robin study using STPF (Bo- denseewerk Perkin-Elmer P.O.Box 10 l l 64 Uberlingen Germany). 91/C2010. Schlemmer G. Grobenski Z. Hasal M. Bulska E. Zee- man furnace determination of several elements in medical samples (Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer P.O. Box 10 1 1 64 D- 7770 Uberlingen Germany). 91/C2022. 9 1 /C20 12. 9 1 /C20 13. 9 1/C2014. IC20 15. /C2016. /C20 17. 91/C2018. 9 1 /C20 1 9. 9 1/c2020. 9 1/C202 1. 9 1/C2022. 91/C2023. 91/C2024. 9 1/C2025. 91/C2026. Wang P.-x. Holcombe J. A. Enhancing graphite furnace atomization capabilities using the isothermal cuvette and low pressure (Dept. Chem. and Biochem. Univ. Texas at Austin Austin TX 787 12 USA). Nygaard D. D. Wang W.-r. Analysis of soils and sedi- ments by ICP emission spectrometry with ultrasonic nebuliza- tion (Baird Corp. 125 Middlesex Turnpike Bedford MA 01730 USA).Mahan C. Holcombe J. A. Enhanced analytical sensitivity of trace metal spectroscopic analysis using immobilized algae cells (Dept. Chem. Univ. Texas at Austin Austin TX 787 12 USA). Rubin R. Moses M. Rapid high performance microwave digestion (Questron Corp. P.O. Box 2387 Princeton NJ 08543-2387 USA). Grillo A. C. Balas C. Bell D. New robotics system for mi- crowave digestion (Questron Corp. P.O. Box 2387 Pnnce- ton NJ 08543-2387 USA). Comeau R. Coates J. Mercury analysis under EPA proto- col now and in the future (Questron Corp. P.O. Box 2387 Princeton NJ 08543 USA). Johnson D. Beach C. Determination of arsenic selenium antimony and tin in complex environmental samples by hy- dride generation AAS (Varian Assoc. 201 Hansen Court Suite 108 Wood Dale IL 60191 USA).Seely D. C. Application of multiple atomic spectroscopy methods in an industrial environmental laboratory (3M Envi- ron. Lab 2-3E-09 P.O. Box 33331 St. Paul MN 55133 USA). Martin T. D. Creed J. T. Long S. E. Single laboratory evaluation of EPA method 200.2-sample preparation proce- dure for spectrochemical analysis of total recoverable ele- ments (EMSL Cincinnati OH USA). Hull D. R. Pospisil P. A. Atwood R. A. Analysis of ar- senic selenium and mercury in TCLP extracts from stabilized hazardous wastes by hydride generation multi-element ICP- OES (Chem. Waste Management 150 West 137th St. River- dale IL 60627 USA). Green R. B. Seltzer M. D. LEI spectrometry a personal perspective (Chem. Div. Res. Dept. Naval Weapons Center China Lake CA 93555 USA).Locke R. J. Sausa R. C. Howard S. L. Miziolek A. W. Bernstein J. S. Cool T. A. Profiles of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in low-pressure flames (US Army Ballistic Res. Lab. Aberdeen Proving Ground MD 2 1005 USA). Pang H. M. Yeung E. S. Laser ionization and absorption detection in laser generated plumes (Dept. Chem. Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 5001 1 USA). Vera J. A. Weeks S. J. Edelson M. C. Ion and atom fluorescence using a high-resolution tunable laser (Ames Lab. USDOE Ames IA 500 1 1 USA). Owens M. Majidi V. Laser induced plasma in low-pressure environments (Dept. Chem. Univ. Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA). Paudyn A. M. Smith R. G. Gawlowski E. Application of microwave assisted digestion in industrial hygiene (Ontario Ministry of Labour Occup. Health Lab. 101 Resources Rd.Weston Ontario M9P 3T1 Canada).JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY. JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 163R 91/C2027. Foster R. W. Carroll C. E. Process control monitoring with an ICAP (Thermo Jarrell Ash Corp. 8E Forge Parkway Franklin MA 02038 USA). 9 1/C2028. Seltzer M. D. Green R. B. Instrumentation for on-line de- tection of airborne metals generated by incineration of mili- tary ordnance (Chem. Div. Res. Dept. Naval Weapons Cen- ter China Lake CA 93555 USA). 91/C2029. Romanosky R. R. Chisholm W. P. Viscomi A. S. High- power high-flow argon-helium ICP for on-line process gas analysis (US Dept. Energy Morgantown Energy Technol. Center P.O. Box 880 Morgantown WV 26507-0880 USA). 9 K2030. Hassell C. D. Holcombe J. A. Cvclic temuerature- programmed static SIMS studies of graphite surface reactions (Dept.Chem. Univ. Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA). /C203 1. Boumans P. W. J. M. Detection limit more than an inciden- tal analytical figure of merit! (Philips Res. Lab. P.O. Box 80.000,5600 JA Eindhoven The Netherlands). /C2032. Hull D. R. Pospisil P. A. Hieftje G. M. Non-metals ana- lysis of liquid hazardous waste incinerator feed streams using helium microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectros- copy (Chem. Waste Management 150 West 137th St. River- dale IL 60627 USA). /C2033. Viscomi A. S. Carnahan J. W. Effects of adding an easily ionizable element to a helium microwave-induced plasma containing a Group 2A analyte (Northern Illinois Univ. De- kalb IL 601 15 USA). 91/C2034. Ruiz A. Zhang H.-q. Zhu G.-x. Browner R.F. Evalua- tion of the MAGIC particle beam interface for aqueous sam- ple introduction in low pressure microwave-induced plasma emission spectrometry (MAGIC-LP-MIP) (Sch. Chem. and Biochem. Georgia Inst. Techno]. Atlanta GA 30332 USA). 9 1/C2035. Wu M.-g. Carnahan J. W. Determination of metals and non-metals in solid samples by direct introduction into a kilo- watt-plus helium microwave-induced plasma (Dept. Chem. Northern Illinois Univ. DeKalb IL 601 15 USA). 9K2036. Koons R. D. Source discrimination of glass particles using EDXRF and ICP-OES (Forensic Sci. Res. and Training Unit FBI Lab. FBI Acad. Quantico VA 22 135 USA). 91/C2037. Rayson G. D. Shen D. Y.,Inductively coupled argon plasma axial viewing absorption technique (Chem. Dept. Box 3001 New Mexico State Univ. Las Cruces NM 88003 USA).91/C2038. Foster R. W. Grindle A. E. Manabe R. Comparison of analytical techniques for the ICAP analysis of ultra-clean boil- er water (Thermo Jarrell Ash Corp. 8E Forge Parkway Franklin MA 02038 USA). 91/C2039. Edelson M. C. Winge R. K. Eckels D. E. Applications of high-resolution ICP-AES diode-array detection to multi- elemental analysis (Ames Lab. USDOE Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 50010 USA). 91/C2040. McCreary T. W. Chen C.-y. Vaporization of slurries and of solutions in the ICP (Dept. Chem. Murray State Univ. Murray KY 4207 1 USA). 91/C2041. Rayson G. D. Shen D. Y. Laminar-flow coolant gas ICP torch (Chem. Dept. Box 30001 New Mexico State Univ. Las Cruces NM 88003 USA). 91/C2042. Ishii T. Clifford R. H Montaser A. Palmer B.A. Lay- man L. R. Measurement of electron number densities for ar- gon and helium ICP discharges by using various hydrogen lines (Dept. Chem. George Washington Univ. Washington DC 20052 USA). lC2043. Obenauf R. Nouri M. Brenner I. B. Sheath gas flow in ICP-AES-influence on LODs and EIE effects [Jobin-Yvon (ISA) 6 Olsen Ave. Edison NJ 08820 USA]. lC2044. Ishii I. Montaser A. Palmer B. A. Layman L. R. Rota- tional temperatures of argon-nitrogen ICP discharges meas- ured by high-resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy (Dept.. Chem. George Washington Univ. Washington Dc 20052 USA). 91K2045. Hubert J. Sing R. L. A. Lauzon C. Tran K. C. Influence of operating frequency on the performance of sur- face-wave plasmas intended as atomic emission detectors for gas chromatography ( E p t .Chim. Univ. Montkal P.O. 6128 Station A Montreal Quebec H3C 357 Canada). 9K2046. Sing R. L. A. Lauzon C. Tran K. C. Hubert J. Influence of discharge tube cooling on the performance of sur- face-wave plasmas intended as atomic emission detectors for gas chromatography ( E p t . Chim. Univ. Montkal P.O. 6128 Station A Montreal Quebec H3C 357 Canada). 91/C2047. Strange C. Marcus K. R. Particle beam LC-MS interface to a glow discharge device (Dept. Chem. Howard L. Hunter Chem. Lab. Clemson Univ. Clemson SC 29634-1905 USA). /C2048. Blades M. W. Burton L. Excitation and ionization in the ICP electron collisions charge transfer and radiative processes models versus experiment (Dept. Chem. Univ. British Co- lumbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Y6 Canada)./C2049. Olesik J. W. Influence of solvent vapour and aerosol on ICP behaviour (Dept. Chem. Kenan and Venable Lab. Univ. North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 275 16-3290 USA). IC2050. Bates L. C. Olesik J. W. Effect of sample aerosol transport rate on ICP excitation (Univ. North Carolina Dept. Chem. Kenan and Venable Lab. Chapel Hill NC 27599-3290 USA). /C2051. Gatley P. J. Huang M. Hieftje G. M. Measurement of three-dimensional electron temperature and electron number density profiles in an ICP by computed tomography (Dept. Chem. Indiana Univ. Bloomington IN 47405 USA). 1C2052. Fister 111 J. C. Olesik J. W. Investigation of droplet in- duced excitation modulation in ICPs using time-resolved emission and laser light scattering (Univ. North Carolina Dept.Chem. Kenan and Venable Lab. Chapel Hill NC 27599-3290 USA). 91/C2053. Horlick G. Shao Y.-b. Design and characterization of glow discharge devices as complementary sources for ICP mass spectrometers (Dept. Chem. Univ. Alberta Edmonton Al- berta T6G 2G2 Canada). 91/C2054. Weir D. Blades M. W. Response of radially resolved elec- tron density and excitation temperature profiles to solvent load control in the argon inductively coupled plasma (Dept. Chem. Univ. British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Y6 Canada). 91/C2055. Thorne A. P. High resolution ultraviolet ITS-the short wavelength limit? (Blackett Lab. Imperial Coll. London SW7 2BZ UK). 9K2056. Horlick G. Wang T.-b. Application of a Fourier trans- form spectrometer to atomic spectrochemical measurements (Dept.Chem. Univ. Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada). 91/C2057. Sing R. L. A. Plamondon C. Hubert J. Fourier transform atomic emission spectrometry in the visible-NIR spectral re- gion (Dkpt. Chim. Univ. Montrkal P.O. 6128 Station A Montreal Quebec H3C 357 Canada). 91/C2058. Montaser A Clifford R. H. Ishii I. Palmer B. A. Lay- man L. R. Line widths and temperatures of He ICP discharg- es measured by high-resolution Fourier transform spectrosco- py (Dept. Chem. George Washington Univ. Washington DC 20052 USA). 91/C2059. Travis J. C. Preliminary studies in UV visible Fourier trans- form spectrometry at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Rm. A223 Chem. National Institute of Stan- dards and Technology Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA).91/C2060. Clifford R. M. Montaser A. Delam S. P. Capar S. G. Micro metering pump for sample delivery to nebulization sys- tems (Dept. Chem. George Washington Univ. Washington DC 11052 USA).164R 91/C2061. 9 1 / C2062. 91/C2063. 9 1 /C2064. 9 1/C2065. 9 1/C2066. 9 1 /C2067. 9 1/C2068. lC2069. /C2070. 9 1/C207 1. 91/C2072. 9 1/C2073 9 I/C2074. 91/C2075. 9 1 /C2076. Allen L. Koropchak J. A. Aerosol particle size effects on ICP-AES measurements (Dept. Chem. and Biochem. South- em Illinois Univ. Carbondale IL 62901 USA). Chan S.-k. Zachmann C. A. Sutton J. K. Present status of ultrasonic nebulization for ICP spectrometry (CETAC Technologies 302 S 36th St. Suite 1018 Omaha NE 68131 USA). Chan S.-k. Sutton J. E. Zechmann C. A. Improving the mixing efficiency for hydride generation in ICP spectrometry (CETAC Technologies 302 S 36th St.Suite IOlB Omaha NE 681 3 1 USA). Mandoki A. Lang Y. Le Marchand A. Brenner I. B. Application of spark ablation ICP-AES and a high resolution sequential spectrometer for the analysis of complex alloys and non-conducting materials [Jobin-Yvon Div. (Instruments SA) 6 Olsen Ave. Edison NJ 08820 USA]. Brenner I. B. Long G. Compensation of particle and min- eralogical interference effects in slurry atomization ICP-AES. (Jobin Yvon 16-18 Rue du Canal Longjumeau Cedex 91 163 France). Park C.-j. Lee K.-w. Determination of trace elements in high-purity copper by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Korea Standards Res. Inst. P.O. Box 3 Tae- dok Sci. Twon Taejon 305-606 Korea). Wang J.-s.Evans E. H. Caruso J. A. Determination of trace metals in solutions containing high levels of dissolved solid by FI-ICP-MS (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincin- nati OH 4522 1 USA). Al-Rashdan A. Heitkemper D. Sheppard B. S. Caruso J. A. Speciation of alkyllead and inorganic lead compounds by HPLC-ICP-MS (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinna- ti OH 4522 1 USA). JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 1 VOL. 6 Heitkernper D. Wolnik K. Chang S. Deutsch E. Caru- so J. A. Evaluation of ICP-MS for the determination of y Y T ~ in environmental samples (Forensic Chem. Center US Food and Drug Admin. 1141 Central Parkway Cincinnati OH 45202 USA). Pretty J. R. Evans E. H. Blubaugh E. A. Davidson T. M. Caruso J. A. Minimization of polyatomic interferences in trace element analysis viu anodic stripping voltammetry with ICP-MS detection (Dept.Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cin- cinnati OH 4522 1 USA). Majorski S. A. Coleman D. M. Design considerations of a modified spark source mass spectrometer (Wayne State Univ. 171 Chem. Detroit MI 48202 USA). Story W. C. Olson L. K. Shen W.4 Evans E. H. Caru- so J. A. Optimization of a reduced pressure microwave- induced plasma mass spectrometer interface (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 USA). Brown J. A. Jr. Kunz F. W. Belitz R. K. Characteriza- tion of automotive catalysts using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Ford Motor Co. Res. Anal. Sci. Dept. Dearbom MI 45 I2 1 USA). Wu M. Hieftje G. M. Atomic and ionic fluorescence quan- tum efficiencies in the ICP and their influence on analyte exci- tation mechanisms (Dept.Chem. Indiana Univ. Blooming- ton IN 47405 USA). Hanselman D. S. Huang M. Jin Q. Hieftje G. M. Large departures from thermodynamic equilibrium observed by la- ser-light scattering in atmospheric pressure Ar and He micro- wave-induced plasmas (Dept. Chem. Indiana Univ. Bloom- ington IN 47405 USA). Meeks F. R. Look at electron number density temperature and LTE ria statistical mechanics (Univ. Cincinnati Cincin- nati OH 4522 1-0172 USA). 91/C2077. Browner R. F. Ruiz A. Zhang H.-q. Zhu G.-x. Plasma- 91/C2078. 9 l/C2079. 9 1/C2080. 9 1/C208 1. 91/C2082. 91/C2083. 9 1/C2084. 9 I/C2085. 91/C2086. 91/C2087. 91/C2088. 9 l/C2089. 9 1/C2090. 91/C2091. particle interactions comparison of one atmosphere r.f. and low pressure microwave discharges (Sch.Chem. and Bio- chem. Georgia Inst. Technol. Atlanta GA 30332-0400 USA). Williamsen E. J. Olesik J. W. Effect of easily and non- easily ionized elements on analyte signals in the plasma (Univ. North Carolina Chapel Hill Dept. Chem. Kenan and Venable Lab. Chapel Hill NC 27599-3290 USA). Hanselman D. S. Huang M. Hieftje G. M. Effect of EIEs and non-EIEs on the critical fundamental parameters in the ICP (Indiana Univ. Dept. Chem. Bloomington IN 47405 USA). Bye C. A. Scheeline A. Use of an Cchelle-CCD system for the characterization of spark discharges (Sch. Chem. Sci. Univ. Illinois Box 70-5 Roger Adams Lab. 1209 W. Califor- nia St. Urbana IL 61801 USA). Brewer S. Jr. Sacks R. D. Trivedi K. Spectral character- ization and analysis of zinc-based alloys with a novel magne- tron glow-discharge source (Chem.Dept. Eastern Michigan Univ. Ypsilanti MI 48197 USA). Puig L. Klemp M. Sacks R. D. Hollow cathode plasma emission detection of F C1 Br S and P with high-speed GC (Dept. Chem. Univ. Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA). Wandro R. F. Yee H. S. Sample preparation and analysis of Sn-Pb solders by EDXRF and spark emission spectro- metry (Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. P.O. Box 3504 O/ 48-92 B/195B Sunnyvale CA 94088 USA). Bartlow R. B. Griffin S. T. Williams J. C. Inexpensive current limiting switch for stable analytic discharges (Dept. Elec. Engineering and Chem. Memphis State Univ. Mem- phis TN 38152 USA). Williams J. C. Tseng J . 4 Griffin S. T. Adapting the hol- low cathode emission source to microanalysis (Dept. Chem.and Elec. Eng. Memphis TN 38152 USA). Uden P. C. Atomic spectroscopic detection in separation sci- ence (Dept. Chem. Lederle Grad. Res. Towers Univ. Massa- chusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA). Wylie P. L. Recent advances in gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (Hewlett-Packard P.O. Box 900 Avondale PA I93 1 1 USA). Willoughby R. Theoretical considerations of aerosol inter- faces (Extrel Corp. Pittsburgh PA USA). Hwang J. D. Ashford E. J. Vaughn W. J. Huxley H. P. Davis A. Determination of hexavalent chromium(vr) in envi- ronmental solid waste \via ICP-AES (Occidental Chem. Corp. Dev. Center P.O. Box 344 Niagara Falls NY 14302 USA). Horlick G. Stewart M. Automated solution sample prepa- ration for inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (Dept.Chem. Univ. Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada). Glynn B. J. Leland D. J. Application of a new energy dis- persive X-ray fluorescence process analyser (Tracor X-ray 67 Montgomery Knoll Skillman NJ 08558 USA). Papers 9 1/C2092-9 1/C2 105 Miere presented at the Eastern Analytical Symposium Somerset N J USA 12th-16th Noi>emhei- 1990. /C2092. Lepley A. R. Bober A. Method update for environmental chemistry-atomic fluorescence alternate test procedure for mercury (State of Maryland Dept. Health and Mental Hy- giene P.O. Box 2355 Baltimore MD 21203 USA). lC2093. Tatro M. E. Rapid preparation of zeolite fluid cracking cata- lysts and clays for ICP analysis (Spectra Spectroscopy & Chromatography Specialists P.O. Box 352 Pompton Lakes NJ 07442 USA)./C2094. Nouri M. L. Brenner 1. B. Borsier M. Recent develop-JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 1 VOL. 6 165R ments in automated analysis of geological and environmental materials by ICP-AES and chemornetric data interpretation (Jobin-Yvon ISA 6 Olsen Ave. Edison NJ 08820 USA). 9l/C2095. Jassic L. Walter P. Merwin D. Kingston H. Schiller S. Calibration of cavity type microwave equipment used in sample preparation (why bother calibrating microwave equip- ment?) (Inorg. Anal. Res. Div. Natl. Inst Sci. and Technol.. Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA). 91/C2096. Dulude G. R. Pfeil D. L. Sotera J. J. AA design capable of both simultaneous and sequential analyses (Thermo Jarrell Ash Corp. 8E Forge Parkway Franklin MA 02038 USA). 91/C2097. Arniaud D.Obenauf R. H. Phan C. V. Brenner I. B. Compact hydride generator for As Se and Sb determinations in environmental materials by ICP-AES. Influence of hydro- gen sheath gas flow and generator frequency on analytical performance (Jobin-Yvon ISA 6 Olsen Ave. Edison NJ 08820 USA). 9 1/C2098. Slavin W. Atomic absorption spectroscopy prospects for the 21st century (Perkin-Elmer 761 Main Ave. Norwalk CT 06859-0237 USA). 9 K2099. Horlick G. Plasma source elemental analysis excitation and ionization for the 1990s (Dept. Chem. Univ. Alberta Edmon- ton. Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada). 91/C2100. Tyson J. F. Flow techniques for sample pretreatment and in- 91/C2 91/C2 91/C‘2 9 1 /C2 troduction in atomic spectrometry (Dept. Chem. Univ. Mas- sachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA). 01. Michel R.G. Butcher D. J. Irwin R. L. Laser excited atomic and molecular spectroscopy in graphite furnaces for the determination of metals and non-metals in samples. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Connecticut 215 Glenbrook Rd. Storrs. CT 06269-3060 USA). 02. Arniaud D. Brenner I. B. Attempt to improve detection capabilities of ICP-AES for the determination of Al in biologi- cal and environmental materials (Jobin-Yvon ISA 6 Olsen Ave. Edison NJ 08820 USA). 03. Olqiicii A Caglar P. Determination of the zinc in human hair and blood serum by AAS in 0-15 age children (Firat Univ. Dept. Chem. 231 19 Elazig Turkey). 04. Gong MA. Sassoon R. Brandys M. Chemical modelling of an argon plasma in an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (Vitreous State Lab. Catholic Univ. America. Washington DC 20064 USA).91/C2105. Ibrahim H. Gerth D. J. Keliher P. N. Ajello C. W. Comparison between direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emis- sion spectrometry for the analysis of a wide range of sample types (Chem. Dept. Villanova Univ. Villanova PA 19085 USA). Papers 9 1 /C2 106-9 1 IC2 1 1 2 H’ere presented ut Analytische Glimmentlu- dungs-SpeX.trosk(~pie Jiilich Gerniuiiy 25th-26th April 1990. 91/C2 91/C2 06. 07. 9 1 / c 2 108. 9 1 /C2 1 09. 91/c2110. Tomellini R. Cilia M. del Monte Tamba M. G. Seno- fonte O. Caroli S. Guantera G. Model of microwave- boosted low-pressure source in atomic emission spectrometry (Centro Sviluppo Materiali via Castel Romano 100- 102 00129 Rome Italy). Bengtson A. Recent developments in quantitative depth profile analysis with GD-OES.(Swedich Inst. Metals Res.. Drottning Kristina Vag 48 S-I14 28 Stockholm Sweden). Gijbels R. van Straaten M. Swenters K. Analytical glow discharge mass spectrometry [ Univ. Antwerpen (UIA). Dept. Chem.. B-2610 Antwerpen Wilrijk Belgium]. Milton D. M. P. Charalambous P. M. Glow discharge mass Spectrometry using a quadrupole mass analyser (VG Mi- croTrace. Ion Path Rd. Three Winsford Cheshire CW7 3BX UK). Brits J. Spektrochemische analyse von zink zinklegierun- gen. blei bleilegierungen cadmium und aluminium mit der glimmentladungslampe (Vieille Montagne-Overpelt Fakriek- straat 144b B-3583 Overpelt Germany). 91/C2111. Hunault P. Bailly Y. Brenner I.B. Selection of internal references for bulk analysis of alloys by glow discharge emis- sion spectrometry (GD-ES) (Jobin-Yvon Instruments S.A..Rue du Canal F-9 1 163 Longjumeau France). 91/C2112. Hierzwa J. Effect of cathode material on spectral character- istics of the d.c. hollow cathode discharge (Univ. M. Curie- Sklodowska Central Lab. 20-03 1 Lublin Poland). Puper-s 9 1/C2 1 13-9 I /C2 1 19 were presented at the Europeun Symposium on 20 years of HGA Technology finm Perkin-Elmer. Meershiq Germany October 3rd 1990. L’vov B. Graphite furnace research from the beginning to the present (Dept. Anal. Chem. Polytech. Inst. Leningrad 19525 I USSR). Slavin W. Modem graphite furnace technology (Perkin- Elmer Norwalk CT 06859 USA). Welz B. Flow injection on-line separation and preconcentra- tion for graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (.GFAAS) (Dept.Appl. Res. Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer Uberlingen Germany). Frech W. Baxter D. C. Constant temperature atomizers- the future? (Dept. Anal. Chem. Univ. UmeA S-901 87 UmeA Sweden). de Loos-Vollebregt M. T. C. Advances in Zeeman effect background correction (Lab. Anal. Chem. Delft Univ. Tech- nol. De Vries van Heystplantsoen 2 2628 RZ Delft The Netherlands). Schlemmer G. Background correction in practical analy\is (Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer Uberlingen Germany). Schrader W. 20 years of HGA technology from Perkin- Elmer (Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer Uberlingen Germany). Pupers 9 1/C2 120-9 1 /C2 152 M’ere presented at the First Chungchun Inter- nutionul Symposium on Anulyticul Chemistry Chuntqchun Peoples’ Re- public cflChina 7th-1 1 th Au<qust 1990.9 1/C2 120. 9 1/c2 12 I . 9 1/c2 122. 9 I/C2 123. 91/c2124. 9 1 / c 2 125. 9 I/C2 126. /C2 127. /C2 128. /C2 129. Keliher P. N. (included in the programme but not presented) Analytical atomic spectrometry reflections in the 1980s and some predictions for the 1990s as we move towards the year 2000 (Chem. Dept. Villanova Univ. Villanova PA USA). Jin Q.-h. Hieftje G. M. Li G.-z. Studies on MPT-AES (Dept. Chem. Jilin Univ. Changchun China). Huang BA. Can ethanol take a role in atomic spectroscopy’? (Dept. Chem. Xiamen Univ. Xiamen China). Chernetsky S. M. Elokhin V. A. Gor’kovoy V. V. Ex- perience of designing an instrument for multi-elemental analy- sis based on the inductively coupled plasma ionization (Inst. for Anal. Instrum. USSR Acad. Sci. Leningrad USSR). Jiang Z.-c.Huang M. Zeng Y. Fluorinating vaporization of refractory elements from a graphite furnace for ETV-ICP- AES. (Dept. Chem. Wuhan Univ. Wuhan China). Huang M. Jiang Z.-c. Zeng Y. Study on the sample trans- port process in ETV-ICP-AES (Dept. Chem. Wuhan Univ. Wuhan China). Yang J.-f. Zeng X.-j. Matrix interferences from elements with different ionization potentials in ICP-AES (Changchun Inst. Appl. Chem. Acad. Sin Changchun China). Sun D.-h. Zhang Z.-x. Mo G.-n.,Effects of matrix and op- erating parameters on the degree of analyte ionization in ICP- AES (Dept. Chem. Zhongshan Univ. Guangzhou China). Zhang Z.-y. Zeng X.-j. Studies on simultaneous multi- element determination and matrix effect of sodium chloride by flow injection ICP-AES. (Changchun Inst.Appl. Chem. Acad. Sin. Changchun China). Sun D.-h. Zhang Z.-x. Qian H.-w. Computer simulation166R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 of spectral interferences in ICP-AES. 11. Calculation of effec- tive line profiles (Dept. Chem. Zhongshan Univ. Guang- zhou China) 91/C2130. Du Y.-p. Tang Y.-q. Shao J.-c. Zhu M.-h. Air-argon 9 1 /C2 9 1/C2 91/C2 ICP operating parameters and detection limits for organic so- lution analysis (Center of Anal. and Measurement East China Inst. Chem. Technol. Shanghai China). 31. Du Y.-p. Tang Y.-q. Zhu M.-h. Spectroscopic studies on air-argon cooled organic ICP (Center of Anal. and Measure- ment East China Inst. Chem. Technol. Shanghai China). 32. Huang Y.-h. Zhang Z.-x. Qian H.-w. Li W.-c. On-line intelligent background correction in ICP-AES using a photodi- ode array spectrometer (Zhongshan Univ. Guangzhou China).33. Wang X.-r. Yang P.-y. Theoretical and experimental study of Se hydride generation in both hydrochloric acid and nitric acid with FI-ICP-AES (Dept. Chem. Xiamen Univ. Xiamen China). 91/C2134. Yang J.-f. Piao Z.-x. Zeng X.-j. Studies on derivative spectrometry in ICP-AES. I. Correction of spectral interfer- ences (Changchun Inst. Appl. Chem. Acad. Sin. Changchun China). 91/C2135. Zhang RA. Huang Z.-r. Chen X.-k. Study on spectral /c2 /c2 91/C2 91IC2 data-processing system of spectrographic exposure ICP-AES with microcomputer (Dept. Chem. Nankai Univ. Tianjin China). 36. Li W.-c. Qian H.-w. Huang Y.-h. Zheng Z.-g. Li Q.-y. 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ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA991060153R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1991

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 1 VOL. 6 249 Alan Date Memorial Award* Contributions in the Field of Atmospheric Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry Norbert Ja ku bowski lnstitut fur Spektrochemie und angewandte Spektroskopie Postfach I0 13 52 D- W4600 Dortmund 1 Germany The work carried out at the Institut fur Spektrochemie und angewandte Spektro- skopie (ISAS) is basic research and development in analytical chemistry pref- erably with spectroscopic techniques which can be solely method oriented or in addition be problem oriented with an in- creasing role of the latter on the basis of a multi-method concept. When Professor Gunther Tolg became head of ISAS in 1982 one of his primary aims was to con- tribute to a renaissance of elemental mass spectrometry (MS) as an analytical tool.Elemental MS had been among the basic research topics of ISAS from the begin- ning but at that time it had been suspended for several years. Owing to the promising properties of the glow discharge as an ion source elemental MS was re-established as a field of work in ISAS in 1982 with the primary aim being to study the analytical application of plasma ion sources. Our working group consists of two physicists two chemical engineers and a laboratory assistant. Head of the group is Dr. Dietmar Stuwer who has previously worked in the field of spark source MS. The group works very much as a team and I have been a member of this group since 1982. In the beginning glow dis- charge mass spectrometry (GDMS) was the main topic of the research work; sub- sequently inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was also in- cluded.It is our aim to contribute to de- velopments in apparatus in addition to the development and optimization of ana- lytical methods and procedures. As a consequence of recent develop- ments MS is generally of increasing significance for the research work at ISAS. Besides our laboratory-built systems for GDMS and ICP-MS a com- mercial system is available although it is applied mainly to a project in the field of analysis of ceramics. All these systems use quadrupole filters as they are applied to the development of local and microdis- tribution analysis by laser MS in the group of Professor Kay Niemax. Finally * This Award is presented annually in recogni- tion of the contribution made by Alan Date to the field of ICP-MS.Based on the above article the 1990 Award will be presented to Norbert Jaku- bowski during the 4th Surrey Conference on Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry in July 1991. a quadrupole is also used in the sputtered neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) system which is used for surface and in- depth analysis in the group of Dr. Rein- hold Klockenkamper. This demonstrates the essential role of elemental MS tech- niques with low mass resolution in the current research concept of this Institute. In this article a description will be given of the parts of our work on ICP-MS that have continuously contributed to the development of the state-of-the-art of this technique for which I have been respon- sible or those that have mainly been un- dertaken on the basis of my ideas and intentions.The basis of our work in ICP-MS was from our experiences of GDMS. In 1982 we started with plasma diagnostic inves- tigations for the development of a GDMS system with a quadrupole as the mass analyser.' Consequently by applying the results a laboratory prototype of a GDMS system with low mass resolution was developed the analytical perfor- mance of which was characterized in several investigations.24 The success of this work encouraged us to develop an ICP-MS system based on the same MS equipment as our GDMS ~ y s t e m . ~ Apparatus Development Inductively coupled plasma MS is despite its widespread acceptance still a relatively new technique and hence there are still many ways of improving its ana- lytical performance not only by improv- ing detection limits and other figures of merit but especially by understanding and consequently reducing both spectral and non-spectral interferences. It was always the aim of this work to investi- gate the physical processes taking place in atomization ionization and ion trans- fer in order to optimize systematically the performance with respect to the ana- lytical task also taking into account dif- ferent techniques of sample introduction.This demanded a strictly modular system in order to give the high versatility re- quired for different types of application not a primary design criterion for the commercially available systems. Therefore we developed the concept of a flexible laboratory ICP-MS system which was set up in 1987.The lay-out of the system and a description of some of the basic features have been described previously.5 A 40 MHz generator with a power of 3 kW has been used to enable a variety of investigations to be carried out including slurry analysis mixed gas plasmas etc. Problems with secondary discharges in the interface region de- manded the investigation of the influence of the different geometries of the load coil. As a result we use a floating double coil resulting in the lowest plasma poten- tial and thus avoiding secondary dis- charges. The torch can be operated with a power of up to 2 kW. The vacuum system the computer control data acquisition and data process- ing system were the same as in the GDMS system; only the interface system had to be developed separately.The vacuum system consists of turbomolecu- lar pumps which have been used without any great problems since the beginning of the work. A peculiarity of the detector system is that a Faraday cup with ana- logue registration is used and also a mul- tiplier with analogue and counting registration. This guarantees a wide dynamic range so that both main and trace components can be registered in the same measuring run. The concept of this system has been confirmed as the features of high generator frequency turbomolec- ular pumps and extended dynamic range have meanwhile also appeared in the commercially available systems. We apply an ion transfer system based on a commercially available system of three tubular lenses but which has been optimized by ion optic calculations using the well known SIMION program.6 The transfer properties of this system enable measurement of the so-called ion energy characteristic (IEC) by application of the bias potential te~hnique.~ By comparison with measurements applying the retarding field technique we have been able to show that the IEC corresponds largely to the ion kinetic energy di~tribution.~ With this technique we have a powerful way of obtaining information on the potential at which the ions have been formed so that the MS equipment can be used as a plasma monitor for diagnostic investiga- tions of atomization and ionization250 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL.6 processes and of the spatial distribution of ions in the plasma. This is the main reason why the system is equipped with s-y-z positioning in which a computer- controlled stepping motor enables fast measurement of spatial distributions of ion intensities.Basic Investigations and Optimization The basic investigations of the opera- tional features of the laboratory system have already shown that sampling distance i.e. the distance between the top of the load coil and the sampling orifice and bias potential as mentioned above in addition to power and aerosol gas flow are operational parameters that markedly influence the analytical perfor- mance and they must be taken into account for an effective analytical optimization procedure.* In practice this is neglected in most instances because in ICP atomic emission spectrometry (AES) corresponding influences are not so serious.However in ICP-MS there is a much higher spatial resolution than in ICP-AES and as a consequence any changes of the sampling depth cause a much more drastic effect on the ion in- tensities. Furthermore ion kinetic ener- gies have to be accounted for when using the ICP as the ion source rather than for excitation. Any change of the operational parameters affects the ion energies so that re-optimization of the lens settings can become necessary. The bias potential technique is a powerful tool which not only enables corresponding adjustment by simple variation of the reference voltage but is very useful in obtaining additional basic information about the ion kinetic energy distributions and the ion formation in the plasma as the poten- tial at which the ion maximum occurs is correlated to the position in the plasma where the ions have been formed.In order to achieve a maximum ion intensity for MS detection not only do gas flow and electrical power have to be taken into account for optimization but also sampling depth and bias potential. The influence of the latter two can also be ex- ploited in order to extend the useful range of operational parameters consider- ably. Thus we have been able for in- stance to increase the power to a value above 2 kW with increasing ion intensi- ty whereas in normal operation a maximum of the ion intensity appears at about 1.3 kW. Working at a higher power was particularly advantageous for the analysis of slurries which are not totally atomized at the usual sampling depth by lower powers.We started the analytical investigations with the aim of optimizing the perfor- mance with respect to the analytical task also taking into account the parameters of sampling distance and bias potential. The first example was devoted to the analysis of low contents of Pt group elements (PGEs) in small sample volumes (<lo0 pl) which was of general interest to the Institute. For this task electrothermal va- porization (ETV) from a tungsten coil had been applied successfully with atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)9 and therefore was also applied to ICP- MS.1" One advantage is the low cost for the commercially available coils. Also maximum power of only 150 W is neces- sary so that a simple power supply is suf- ficient to create a multi-step temperature programme.A temperature increase of 3000 "C SKI can be obtained which results in a transient signal of about 1 s duration. This excluded any efforts to op- timize the operational parameters direct- ly. Thus optimization was carried out indirectly by generating a stable signal which was achieved by the addition of a noble gas Hg vapour or ferrocene vapour to the aerosol gas. By using the operation- al parameters usually applied for pneu- matic nebulization two significant differences from the usual behaviour of pneumatically generated aerosols could be observed. The optimum sampling depth was 3-4 mm lower and the value of the bias potential had to be changed from about +10 V to between -10 and - 20 V in order to achieve maximum ion in- tensity. Operation with these parameter values for ETV resulted in a considerable gain of the Pt ion intensity but the cali- bration graph was non-linear and preci- sion remained unsatisfactory. The reason was made obvious by the measurements with the addition of ferrocene.These re- vealed that the optimum values of sam- pling depth and bias potential increase with an increasing amount of substance added to the aerosol. Non-linearity in ad- dition to problems with reproducibility can be avoided by taking into account these effects but continuous optimization with respect to both parameters would considerably impede practical analysis. For practical use there is a simple way to overcome this problem because introduc- tion of water vapour to the ETV generat- ed aerosol by a pneumatic nebulizer operated in parallel enabled stable and reproducible working conditions with constant operationa 1 parameters includ- ing bias potential and sampling depth which furthermore can be identical with those applied for the pneumatically gen- erated aerosols.Sirriultaneously the addi- tion of small amounts of water vapour yielded an increase in the Pt ion intensity and an improvement in the reproducibili- tY- Within the study for the analysis of PGEs we have also investigated the in- fluence of chemical modifiers as they are used in AAS to improve the evapora- tion properties of these elements. Nickel and copper as chemical modifiers result- ed in an intensity depression whereas the addition of 1.5% H2 to the aerosol gas re- sulted in a 6-fold intensity gain and a con- siderable reduction of memory effects which must be attributed to an improve- ment in the evaporation properties in the presence of H,.The shift in bias potential and sampling depth observed upon the addition of H corresponds to the addition of water to a dry aerosol. Murillo and Mermetl' have given an explanation for the gain in ion intensity which can be seen on the introduction of the water vapour. The basis of the expla- nation is an increase in the thermal con- ductivity owing to the presence of additional H,. This is confirmed by an ob- servation that we have made that similar results can be achieved by the addition of H2 instead of water to a dry aerosol. These experiences were the reason for undertaking a more systematic study of the effect of varying moisture content on atomization and ionization in the plasma.Measurements were performed of the spatial distribution of ion intensities from which the optimum sampling depth was derived and of the IEC as obtained by the bias potential technique. Moisture content affects the spatial dis- tribution of ion intensities and also ion energies. Introducing water vapour to an ETV generated dry aerosol shifts the ion intensity maximum to a higher sampling depth.12 Simultaneously the maximum of the IEC is shifted from negative to posi- tive values. The process can be reversed by drying a wet aerosol. From these in- vestigations the general conclusion can be drawn that the physical properties of aerosols are directly related to the water content. We have found that the water content also significantly affects the appearance of the glow discharges in the interface region. It is furthermore of greater influence on the potential distribu- tion in the plasma and the ion energies than is the configuration of the load coil.In addition to the introduction of mois- ture into a dry aerosol drying a wet aerosol can give rise to an intensity gain." Drying can be achieved by cooling the spray chamber or by desolvation. In particular the latter is a powerful tech- nique to obtain not only a gain in analyte ion intensity but also a reduction of spec- tral interferences in particular by oxide ions. Small amounts of water can influ- ence atomization and ionization proper- ties in the plasma positively whereas high water content leads to a consider- able depression of the analytical signals similar to a matrix effect.Applications The experience obtained in basic investi- gations is of course always exploited inJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 I VOL. 6 the subsequent progress of the analytical work. In each optimization procedure sampling distance and bias potential are taken into account. For dry aerosols con- trolled addition of water to the aerosol is successfully applied. In principle there are many reasons to consider the application of dry aerosols as advantageous. With ETV we have an efficiency of nearly 100% clearly above the efficiency of pneumatic nebulizers so that lower detection limits relative and absolute can be expected. Further- more interferences by solvents are reduced.According to these investiga- tions the presence of a high solvent load to the plasma always leads to a signal de- pression equivalent to a type of matrix effect. These are the reasons that the application of dry or dried aerosols is in- creasingly preferred in practical analyti- cal tasks. The following applications are examples in which we have utilized the experience obtained in the preceding basic investigations. Applying desolvation to a commercial GMK nebulizer (Labtam Ratingen Germany) a 5-fold intensity gain could be achieved under standard operating conditions with a simultaneous improve- ment of the signal stability. For wet aerosols the sample uptake rate is limited by the appearance of an intensity maximum at about 1 ml min-I.Applying desolvation the sample uptake rate can increase by a factor of 3 or more with full intensity gain. In total an intensity gain of more than one order of magni- tude can be achieved whereas interfer- ences in particular those caused by water are reduced.I3 This is of particular interest when interferent oxides should be avoided. The experiences made with desolvation can be utilized analytically for a variety of applications. In elemental analysis chro- matography [in particular high perfor- mance liquid chromatography (HPLC)] is increasingly applied to the analysis of en- vironmental samples for enrichment of trace components and for their separation from the matrix. However coupling HPLC to pneumatic nebulization is com- plicated and the maximum aerosol effi- ciency remains unsatisfactory.This is why we have introduced hydraulic high- pressure nebulization as a nebulization technique for ICP-MS. It was first intro- duced for AAS,’-‘ and is characterized by a very high aerosol efficiency of 50% pri- marily and above 20% at the exit of the nebulizer. For more than half of the drop- lets the diameter is less than 6 pm. Nev- ertheless the high aerosol density causes strong recombination losses. The high efficiency can only be exploited analyti- cally if there is no recombination of drop- lets in the aerosol transport process. Therefore desolvation offers a 2-fold ad- vantage. On the one hand it minimizes transport losses and on the other it helps to reduce the matrix effect of too high a water loading to the plasma. Overall a 20-fold improvement can be achieved for the analytical signals of the more than 20 elements under investigation.Is Finally some preliminary results of the direct analysis of conducting solids with ICP-MS should be mentioned. For this analytical task we apply a spark system at medium voltage to generate a dry aerosol.The advantage of this sample introduction technique is obvious the solid can be analysed direct- ly without the problems of preparing a solution. This advantage is the same as in laser ablation but for metal samples spark ablation might be a real alterna- tive at least because of the lower expense. In preliminary investigations surprisingly high matrix ion currents (lxlO-’ A) have been achieved. Owing to its high intensity the matrix element which serves as an internal standard for quantification can only be measured with the Faraday cup as a detector which is included in our system.The material ablated in a single spark only amounts to about 100 ng but with respect to the frequency of about 200 Hz the total amount per second is of the same order of magnitude as with laser ablation systems. Improvement of pneumatic nebuliza- tion and development of alternative sample introduction techniques have been the aim of the work so far and we shall continue with this work. Conclusion Our investigations in the field of atmo- spheric plasma source mass spectrometry have shown that spatial intensity distribu- tion measurements of ions in the plasma and of kinetic energy distributions give a better insight into ionization processes.For the different types of aerosols sam- pling distance and bias potential are im- portant parameters which can be exploited for effective optimization of the analytical performance in addition to power and aerosol gas flow. Control of the moisture content can improve the analyti- cal figures of merit in particular intensity and signal stability. Desolvation is an ef- fective technique for improving the ana- lytical performance. Application of hydraulic high-pressure nebulization a powerful technique in combination with desolvation should be a further step foward. Spark ablation is very promising for the analysis of conducting samples and of non-conducting powders after pressing with a metallic powder. The work outlined here has achieved a continuous process of improving the analytical performance of ICP-MS as a contribution to elemental analysis thereby ensuring and improving the quality of life.25 1 It is a pleasure to express here that I am very much indebted to Professor Tolg and Dr. Stuwer both of whom contributed con- siderably to my personal career at the Insti- tute and to the scientific work outlined above. In particular it is due to Professor Tolg that I as a physicist have succeeded in developing my knowledge and aware- ness of analytical science because of his enthusiasm for the broad and multi- facetted field of elemental analysis. I do not feel I am well qualified as a chemist but I am sure I feel the same affection and involvement for this field as any other chemist would. It is also to the credit of Dr. Stuwer that he introduced me to mass spectrometry; the work was done with his guidance and partnership and was influ- enced by many critical comments in addi- tion to many helpful discussions and suggestions.Furthermore the diligent and accurate work of the other members of the group always in a pleasant atmosphere is thankfully acknowledged. The work has been supported by the Bundesminister fur Forschung und Technologie and by the Minister fur Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 References Jakubowski N. Stuewer D. and Tolg G. / t i t . J . Mass Spectivm. lor7 PI-or,. 1986 71 183. Jakubowski N. Stuewer D. and Vieth W. Ft-es. Z. Anal. Chem. 1988 331 145. Jakubowski N. Stuewer D. and Vieth W.. Anal. Chem.. 1989.59 1825. Jakubowski N. Stuewer D. and Tolg G. Spectrochim. Ar,ta Part B . 1991,46 155. Jakubowski N. Raeymaekers B. J. Broe- kaert J. A. C. and Stuewer D. Spectin- chirr7. Acta. Port B 1989 44 219. McGilvery D. C. PhD Thesis La Trobe University Bundoora Australia 1978. Jakubowski N. and Stuewer D. paper pre- sented at the 1989 Winter conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry Reutte Austria January 1989. Jakubowski N. Stuewer D.. and Feldmann I. paper presented at the 2nd International Conference on Plasma Source Mass Spectro- metry Durham UK September 1990. Berndt H. and Schaldach G. J . Anul. At. Specrrom.. 1988,3,709. Marchiando C. Diplomarbeit Fachhoch- schule Miinster 1989. Murillo M. Mermet J. M. Spec.tr.ochim. AL,ta. Part B. 1989. 44 359. Jakubowski N. and Stuewer D.. paper pre- sented at the 1990 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry St. Petersburg. USA. January 1990. Jakubowski N. Stuewer D. and Feldmann I.. paper presented at the 1991 Winter Con- ference on Plasma Spectrochemistry Dort- mund. Germany January 199 1 . Berndt. H.. Fi-es. Z. Anu!. Chem. 1988 331 321. Jakubowski N. Feldmann. I. Stuewer. D. Berndt. H. and Schaldach G . paper pre- sented at the 1991 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry. Dortmund. Germany January 199 1.

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA9910600249

出版商:RSC    

年代:1991

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

25 2 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 Book Review Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry. The Proceedings of the Third Surrey Conference on Plasma Source Spectro- metry Edited by K. E. Jarvis A. L. Gray I. Jarvis and J. Williams. Pp. vii + 172. Royal Society of Chemistry. Special Publication No. 58. 1990. Price L35.00 (soft cover). ISBN 0 85 186 567 4. The Proceedings of the Third Surrey Conference of Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry have been made available as a Special Publication by The Royal Society of Chemistry. The 12 articles printed in the book were originally pre- sented at this biennial international con- ference last held July 16-19 1989 at the University of Surrey Guildford UK. The collection of articles published in the book reflect the wide range of both re- search investigations and practical appli- cations currently being explored by the users of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and they could be considered a representative sampling of the latest developments in this still relatively new analytical tech- nique.The international character of the field is also reflected by the nationalities of the authors. This soft-cover small- size book is edited and indexed clearly printed and illustrated and has a com- fortable feel in the hands all of which add to its reader appeal. ‘Processes of Laser Ablation and Vapour Transport to the ICP’ by L. Moenke-Blankenburg et a/. (Germany) provides a fundamental explantion of laser microanalysis and describes some of the considerations in using laser abla- tion for sample introduction into the ICP.Although the specific example cited here is ICP atomic emission spectrometry (AES) the information is equally val- uable and applicable for ICP mass spectrometry (MS). ‘Introduction of Microsamples into Plasmas’ by K. Dit- trich and associates (Germany) describes the use of various electrothermal vapori- zation (ETV) techniques for high effi- ciency introduction of microsamples into the ICP. These procedures can be used for either ICP-AES or ICP-MS. D. Beauchemin and J. M. Craig (Canada) discuss the use of a sheathing device to add H or N gas to the nebulizer flow of the ICP in ‘Investigations on Mixed Gas Plasmas Produced Using a Sheathing Device in ICP-MS’. The effects of these gases on the analytical perfor- mance of an ICP-MS system are described for several elements.R. C. Hutton and co- workers (UK) explain the use of a low- gain analogue detection mode for extend- ing the capability of ICP-MS to high analyte concentrations in ‘Analytical Per- formance of Analogue Detection in ICP- MS’. Intelligent software incorporatedJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 253 into the ICP-MS system can provide auto- matic selection of either the conventional pulse counting mode or the analogue mode greatly extending the dynamic range of analyte concentration in a single sample analysis. In ‘The Determination of Titani- um Copper and Zinc in Geological Materi- als by ICP-MS with Multivariate Calibration’ M. Ketterer et al. (US) detail the application of multiple linear regres- sion with external calibration and standard additions for the ICP-MS determination of analytes in the presence of isobaric inter- ferences.A general mechanism for imple- menting multivariate calibration in ICP- MS is also included. The low detection limits and multi- element capability of ICP-MS make it especially useful for environmental and biological studies. ’Evaluation of ICP- MS for the Determination of Trace and Ultra-trace Elements in Human Serum after Simple Dilution’ by H. Vanhoe and associates (Belgium) is an example of the application of ICP-MS to difficult biological analyses. E. J. McCurdy (UK) describes a new open-acid procedure for the complete digestion of plant material in ‘The Preparation of Plant Samples and Their Analysis by ICP-MS’.The utility of the procedure is demonstrated by the digestion and analysis of reference mate- rials. New sample preparation methods are further explored in ‘Basic Study on the Application of Tetramethylammoni- um Hydroxide (TMAH) Alkaline Diges- tion for the Determination of Some Volatile Elements by ICP-MS’ by T. Cho et al. (Japan). They evaluate the new al- kaline digestion procedure using biologi- cal reference materials and they establish the optimal ICP-MS operating conditions for the best analytical results of the TMAH-digested samples. Rhenium and osmium abundances and their isotopic ratios in geological materi- als have been determined by ICP-MS by several workers. Such data can be used as a geochronometer to determine age and genesis of ore deposits and can contribute to the understanding of geological pro- cesses.This application of ICP-MS is re- viewed by J. M. Richardson and associates (Canada) in ‘Re-Os Isotope Ratio Determinations by ICP-MS A Review of Analytical Techniques and Geological Applications’. Inductively coupled plasma MS has found many applications in the field of nuclear chemistry. ‘The Feasibility of the Use of Electrothermal Vaporization Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Femtogramme Levels of Plutonium and Uranium’ is addressed by R. J. B. Hall et al. (UK). In this example the poten- tials for ultra-trace analysis by ICP-MS combined with ETV is demonstrated by the determination of actinide elements in human urine and ‘The Determination of Actinides in Environmental Samples by ICP-MS’ by J. Toole e f al. (UK) further explores the potential of ICP-MS in nuclear-related studies. In this work plu- tonium uranium and neptunium are de- termined in a range of environmental samples including freshwater marine pore-water sea-water soil mussels silt and sediment. Finally ‘The Application of ICP-MS to the Analysis of Iron Materials’ is reported by J. A. F. Moore and co- workers (UK). This application demon- strates the use of ICP-MS to determine trace impurities in iron-rod stock mat- erials and addresses some potential analytical problems from high iron con- centrations in the sample matrix. The collection of articles published here present a good overview of current activities in the field of plasma source mass spectrometry. . Lynda M. Faires US Geological Survey Denver CO USA

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA991060252b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1991

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 253 Conference Reports Latin-American Course of Instrumental and Applied Atomic Spectroscopy January 21 st-February 1 st 1991 Concepciony Chile Amongst the spectrochemical methods of analysis analytical atomic spectrometry is probably one which has the largest demand on the number of specialists in Latin America. In Chile alone there are more than 300 laboratories that are direct users of atomic absorption spectrometry and there is a lack of specialized and well trained personnel able to deal with the most recent advances in atomic spec- trometric techniques. Moreover in the Latin-American region there are only a few graduate programmes in chemistry with ongoing research programmes in analytical atomic spectrometry. Since the advances in many areas of scientific re- search depend on precise and reliable quantitative analysis and atomic spectro- metric methods are fundamental for ele- mental analysis attempts were made in cooperation with a group of colleagues from Argentina Brazil Venezuela and Chile to organize an international atomic spectroscopic course embracing theory and practice to provide an appreciation and deeper theoretical knowledge amongst participants and an enhance- ment of their practical abilities in the most relevant analytical atomic spectro- metric methods in Latin America i.e.flame atomic absorption and emission spectrometry (FAAS and FAES); AAS with electrothermal atomization; AAS with hydride generation and cold vapour systems; optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (OES- ICP); and flow injection (FI) coupled with atomic spectrometric methods).Also the course aimed to provide a unique opportunity to gather together a representative group of analytical atomic spectroscopists from this part of the world with an excellent group of col- leagues from more developed countries in order to discuss several steps towards the establishment of a regional network of analytical atomic spectroscopists. This network should enable further develop- ments to take place to support the aca- demic research programmes in analytical atomic spectrometry and the setting up of more systematic interactions amongst users of atomic spectrometric methods in the region. The course was held in Concepcion Chile (capital of the eighth region of Chile main industrial centre of the country and second largest city located about 500 km south of Santiago) as the Instrumental Analysis Department has been successful in organizing several atomic absorption spectroscopy courses (theory and practice) between 1985 and 1988 for national specialists and users.These were in cooperation with Priv. Doz. Dr. Harald Bemdt [Institut fur Spek- trochemie und ang. Spektroskopie (ISAS) Dortmund Germany] under an ageement of cooperation that exists between the Faculty of Pharmacy in Con- cepci6n and ISAS. In addition previous cooperation in this field with an instru- ment dealer in Chile has been productive. Accordingly this author contacted the representatives of Perkin-Elmer in Chile Weisser Analitica Ltda.in order to obtain their sponsorship and strong support with equipment for this course. Enquiries were also made to obtain support in the form of the participation of Perkin-Elmer special- ists as the course tutors.254 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 These efforts began at the end of 1988 following discussions held jointly with Dr A. J. Curtius from the Pontificia Universi- dade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Dr. J. Alvarado from the Universidad Simon Bolivar (Venezuela) and Dr. D. A. Batistoni from the Comisidn Nacional de Energia Atomica of Buenos Aires (Argen- tina) during the First Rio Symposium on Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry held in Rio de Janeiro. In association with representatives of instrument manufactur- ers enquiries were made of prospective course participants throughout most Latin- American countries to obtain information with regards to their opinions about the course contents and modalities and to the possible attendance.A tentative pro- gramme was prepared following a period of consultations with specialists and an or- ganizing committe was established thanks to the cooperation of my colleagues Dr. D. A. Batistoni (Agentina) Dr. A. J. Curtius (Rio de Janeiro Brazil) Dr. M. F. Gin6 (Piracicaba Brazil) Dr. F. J. Krug (Piracicaba Brazil) Dr. J. Alvarado (Ven- ezuela) Dr. A. Rodriguez (Concepcion Chile) and Mr. Ricardo Weisser (Santiago Chile). The first formal steps towards finalisation of the course were made in January 1990 after contact had been made with the specialists who would become members of the course staff and with pro- spective sponsors.A preliminary brochure was issued and distributed among prospec- tive participants in May 1990. Later a poster announcing the course was distrib- uted in most Latin-American countries. The course was held in Concepcion Chile between January 21st and February Ist and the 15 invited speakers were as follows Dr. Josk Alvarado D. Depto. de Quimica Universidad Simon Bolivar Caracas Venezuela; Dr. Ramon M. Barnes Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA Dr. Daniel A. Batistoni Depto. de Quimica Analitica Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica Buenos Aires Argentina; Dr. Harald Berndt In- stitut fur Spektrochemie und angewandte Spektroskopie (ISAS) Dortmund Germany; Dr.JosC Luis Burguera Depto. de Quimica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Los Andes Mirida Venezuela; Dr. Adilson J. Curtius Depto. de Quimica Pont. Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil; Dr. Maria Fernanda Gin6 Seccion Quimica Analitica Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA) Piraci- caba SP Brazil; Dr. Francisco J. Krug Seccion Quimica Analitica Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA) Piracicaba SP Brazil; Dr. Marcela Pascu de Burguera Depto de Quimica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Los Andes Mkrida Venezuela; Professor Blago Raz- milic B. Area de Quimica Universidad de La Serena La Serena Chile Lic. Lautaro Ribba Sub-gerente Geolab y Cia. Ltda. Santiago Chile; Dr Josi E. Sanchez-Uria Depto.de Quimica Fisica y Analitica Facultad de Quimica Univer- sidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain; Dr Alfredo Sanz-Medel. Depto. de Quimica Fisica y Analitica Facultad de Quimica Unversidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain; Dr. Gerhard Schlemmer Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer GmbH Uberlingen Germany; and Walter Slavin Perkin- Elmer Norwalk CT. USA. In addition to these invited lecturers two professors from the Universidad de Concepcion itself contributed both with lectures and practicals Dr. Carlos G. Bruhn F. (course coordinator) Depto de Analisis Instrumental Facultad de Farma- cia Universidad de Concepcidn Concep- ci6n Chile and Dr. Aldo Rodriguez E. Depto. de Andisis Instrumental Facultad de Farmacia Universidad de Concepcih Concepcion Chile. The course was offered in three modules to enable participation of qualified students from master and docto- rate graduate programmes and of special- ists from production (quality control) service and academic areas.The number of participants was 64 which was limited by the infrastructure and equipment avail- able for the course. The number of lecture hours and the distribution of participants in these course moclules were as follows. (a) Postgraduate course (67 lecture hours 43 hours theory and 24 hours prac- tical work). This module was attended by 18 graduate students participating in master and doctorate graduate pro- grammes in chemistry chemical engi- neering biochemistry and environmental sciences. The students came from Bolivia (l) Brazil ( S ) Peru (I) Uruguay (2) Venezuela (2) and Chile (7).(h) Actualization course (theory and practice) (58 lecture hours 34 hours theory and 24 hours practice). Twenty-six participants mostly specialists from dif- ferent areas of application attended. The participants came from Argentina (2) Brazil (3) Mexico (1) and Chile (20). (c) Actualization course (theory) (39 lecture hours 34 hours theory and 5 hours tutorial seminars). Also specialists (20) from different areas of application attended. These participants came from Argentina (2) Brazil ( l ) Costa Rica ( l ) Uruguay (1) and Chile (15). The course content included the follow- ing topics flame atomic absorption and emission spectrometry (Part I); electro- thermal atomic absorption spectrometry with a graphite furnace (Part 11); atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride gen- eration and cold vapour systems (Part 111); optical emission spectrometry with an in- ductively coupled plasma (ICP) (Part IV); flow injection (Part V); and sample pre- treatment sample preparation sample in- troduction in spectroscopic sources solid and slurries analysis quality control and instrumentation in atomic spectrometric methods (Part VI).The programme included 27 lectures 7 seminars 9 special lectures for graduate students 5 tutorial seminars 6 practicals (each practical session was repeated six times in order to offer them for six groups of participants) 2 round-table discussions (the first one was about establishing human resources in atomic spectrometric methods within the Latin-American region and the second one a final panel discussion on atomic spectrometric methods) and a workshop including pres- entations of original work by participants which was followed by discussions.Each practical consisted of 2.5 hours of practical work and participants could learn how to optimize calibrate and operate the instrumental set-ups avail- able and how to handle the data and results thereafter. Each practical was followed by a 1 hour discussion with a tutor who was a specialist in the subject but not involved in the practical work itself. The discussions were intended to clarify several technical and scientific aspects related to the practical work and to answer questions raised by partici- pants. The scientific programme was orga- nized in such a way that morning sessions were reserved for the lectures and confer- ences and afternoons and evenings were mostly dedicated to practical sessions and tutorial seminars.Social activities includ- ed a cocktail reception after the opening ceremony a lunch gathering with local food followed by an afternoon and evening tour on the Saturday and a friendship dinner attended by all invited speakers and participants. The final cere- mony was held on Friday with presenta- tion of certificates to the course participants and presents in recognition of the contributions made by the invited speakers and specialists. A special text (about 600 pp.) was pre- pared containing the contents of the lectur- ers seminars and practicals. This text was offered to participants in order to assist them with the large amount of information provided through the lectures and semi- nars.Most of the material was in Spanish with some in Portuguese and in English. The scientific programme was opened by Dr. D. A. Batistoni who gave a com- prehensive introductory lecture about the fundamentals of atomic spectroscopy and spectroscopic sources. Dr. A. Rodriguez continued with an introduction to the fun- damentals of AAS and AES and Dr. F. J. Krug introduced the problems associated with interferences and quantification. Dr. H. Berndt addressed the topic of nebuli- zation in AAS including the convention- al and the discrete approaches and also the more recent approach of hydraulic high pressure nebulization. This lecture was followed by Dr. J. Alvarado's lectureJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL.6 255 addressing the problems associated with direct analysis of solids and slurries. In this first part of the course (flame AAS and AES) two special lectures were de- livered by Dr. J. F. Krug who addressed in detail the dynamics of flame reactions. The second part commenced with Dr. C. Bruhn who introduced the fundamen- tals and instrumentation of graphite furnace AAS (GFAAS). Dr. G. Schlem- mer continued with a descriptive lecture on chemical and gaseous interferences in GFAAS including approaches to their elimination. Dr. A. Curtius then addressed the principles of chemical modification and the uses of chemical modifiers in GFAAS. The first seminar was then led by W. Slavin who talked on ‘GFAAS with a L’vov platform the stabilized temperature platform furnace (STPF) concept’. The fundamentals and principles of back- ground correction the technical realiza- tion and limits were discussed by Dr.H. Berndt. In the next lecture based on the characteristics of an ‘ideal system’ Dr. G. Schlemmer discussed the use of a back- ground correction system based on the inverse-Zeeman effect to obtain a reliable answer when referring to accuracy of background correction in real analysis. W. Slavin led the second seminar on the rapidly growing field of slurries analysis with a paper entitled ‘Slurry sampling of solid materials using a graphite furnace’. Two special lectures were presented in this part of the course by Dr. J. Alvarado who discussed atomization mechanisms in a graphite furnace pointing out the main characteristics and differences in kinetic and thermodynamic models.Dr. A. J. Curtius delivered a third special lecture on ‘Chemical modifier mechanisms in GFAAS most recent advances’. Part 111 of the course dealt with AAS and hydride generation and cold vapour systems. It was initiated by Dr. A. Rodriguez who presented a comprehen- sive lecture on AAS with a cold vapour system. Dr. C. Bruhn talked on AAS with hydride generation systems (continuous and batch) Next W. Slavin delivered a lecture introducing hydride flow injection (FI) with graphite furnace detection. The third and fourth seminars were led by Dr. G. Schlemmer who addressed the audi- ence on ‘Applications of the STPF concept in GFAAS to the analysis of envi- ronmental geological and steel samples’ ‘Recent advances in hydride generation and cold vapour systems’ and ‘Atomiza- tion mechanisms in AAS with hydride generation systems’ which emphasized the reaction mechanisms leading to atom formation within the heated quartz cell.Optical emission spectrometry was ad- dressed in Part IV. Dr. A. Sanz-Medel de- livered the introductory lecture on AES presenting a critical comparison of the an- alytical characteristics of the main atomic emission methods. Dr. M. F. Gine offered an introductory lecture on ICP-OES dis- cussing fundamentals and instrumenta- tion. W. Slavin delivered a lecture on ‘Sample introduction systems in ICP- OES. Next Dr. R. M. Barnes presented three lectures on ICP-OES dealing with ‘Sample introduction and types of plasmas’ ‘Temperatures selection of lines and interferences’ and ‘Hybrid systems (ICP-AFS ICP-MS)’.Dr. J. E. Sanchez-Uria then addressed the topic of ‘Direct analysis of solids and/or slurries in ICP-OES’. Two special lectures were presented in this part of the course. Dr. D. A. Batistoni talked about ‘Tempera- ture measurements in spectroscopic sources’ and Dr. R. M. Barnes addressed the subject of ‘Excitation mechanisms and discharge characteristics of the ICP’. Part V of the course was devoted to the rapidly growing area of FI. Dr. F. J. Krug and Dr. M. F. Gin& from the group of Pi- racicaba Brazil which has done some in- pressive pioneering work in this field presented two lectures on ‘Fundamentals basic components and configurations’ and ‘Applications in AAS and in AES with the ICP’ respectively.Dr. J. L. Burguera led the fifth seminar dealing with ‘Present trends in AAS with FI’. Part VI dealt with sample pre-treatment and dissolution quality control and in- strumentation in atomic spectrometry. In this regard Dr. J. Alvarado comprehen- sively addressed the subject of ‘Dissolu- tion of samples using a microwave furnace’. Next W. Slavin presented two lectures dealing with ‘Quality control in atomic spectroscopy’ Dr. M. Pascu de Burguera gave a lecture on ‘Strategies for preparation of environmental biological and petrochemical samples’ and then Dr. J. E. Sanchez-Uria discussed the subject of ‘Preconcentration techniques in atomic spectrometry’. A special lecture pre- sented by W. Slavin was devoted to ‘Recent advances in the development of instrumentation for multi-element analy- sis in AAS’ in particular dealing with modem graphite furnace technology.Dr. A. Sanz-Medel presented the sixth seminar entitled ‘Clinical and biological analysis by atomic spectroscopy (AAS and ICP-OES)’ referring to the present importance of atomic spectrometric methods in the solution of today’s clinical problems and to future trends in the use of these methods for biological materials. Finally Dr. H. Berndt gave the final pres- entation on ‘Novel low-cost atomization systems for AAS’ referring to the use of new types of low-cost filament atomizers. The six practical sessions offered in this course dealt with ‘Flame AAS’ (conduct- ed by Dr. A. Rodriguez; discussions led by Dr D. A. Batistoni); ‘Flame AES’ (con- ducted by Professor B.Razmilic; discus- sions led by Dr. F. J. Krug) ‘Flame AAS with FI’ (conducted by Dr. M. F. Gink; dis- cussions led by Dr. J. L. Burguera and Dr. M. Pascu de Burguera); ‘AAS with a graphite furnace. Use of chemical modi- fiers. Obtaining pyrolysis and atomization curves’ (conducted by Dr. A. J. Curtius; discussion led by Dr. J. Alvarado and W. Slavin); ‘AAS with hydride generation and with cold vapour systems’ [conducted by Lic. L. Ribba (Part A) and Dr. Bruhn (Part B); discussions led by W. Slavin Dr. Z. Grobenski Dr. Batistoni and Dr. Bruhn]; and ‘Optical emission spectro- metry with the ICP’ (conducted by Dr. R. M. Barnes; discussions led by Dr. A. Sanz-Medel and Dr. J. E. Sanchez- Uria). The five tutorial seminars were offered by Dr. D. A. Batistoni (‘Distribution of analytes in flames’); Dr.F. J. Krug (‘Analysis by flow injection in agricul- tural and environmental sciences’); Dr. R. M. Barnes (‘Sample preparation and treatment’); Dr. J. L. Burguera and Dr. M. Pascu de Burguera (‘AAS with IT); and by Dr. J. Alvarado (‘Electrothermal atomizers characteristics advantages and limitations applicability etc. ’). Comments and Suggestions for Future Events The course provided a unique opportunity for the 64 participants to learn and deepen their theoretical knowledge of atomic spectrometric methods of analy- sis. Emphasis was given to the instrumen- tal aspects the appropriate use of these methods the identification and solution of problems associated with interferences and to applications in several fields (i.e. biological clinical geochemical mining metallurgical environmental petrochemi - cal industrial and food processing).Those who participated in the practi- cals were also able to enhance their abili- ties in the atomic spectrometric methods most relevant for use in Latin America. Most of the equipment used in the practi- cals were modem units and participants were introduced to new systems such as the FIAS-200 (automated flow injection analytical system for flame hydride gen- eration and cold vapour systems in AAS) and to the Plasma 400 (a sequential optical emission spectrometer with an ICP) both from Perkin-Elmer. However participants were also introduced to cheaper laboratory-made systems demon- strated both for AAS with FI (several configurations of AAS with FI were seen) and AAS with cold vapour systems for the determination of mercury using a preconcentration unit (by amalgamation in a gold-platinum gauze).The tutorial seminars provided a good opportunity for discussion of strengths and weaknesses of the methods being covered in the course as well as for answering questions raised by the participants. These tutiorials were attended by the participants in the Actualization Course (Theory). Despite the fact that there was no offi- cial language for the course and no offical translation was provided for256 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 1 VOL. 6 those invited speakers who were unable to understand Spanish and/or Portu- guese most of them and the partici- pants felt that the course was very successful in attaining the main goals.The atomic spectrometric methods were reviewed from fundamental principles up to the most recent developments. The strengths of using FI combined with atomic spectrometric methods were em- phasized as were the opportunities for ‘on-line’ preconcentration of trace ele- ments coupled with the use of FI tech- niques Paticipants improved their understanding of instrumental problems associated with atomic spectrometric methods used in this part of the world and future potential particularly with developments of laboratory-made FI systems for coupling either with AAS or AES equipment. Problems associated with sample pre-treatment and prepara- tion and with quality assurance of analy- ses were reviewed and discussed. Particular emphasis was given to the use of direct solid and/or slurry approaches in relation to GFAAS and optical emis- sion spectrometry with ICPs.The special text containing the contents of the lectures special lectures and confer- ences was considered by most speakers and participants to be very helpful indeed. Since the amount of information provided during the lectures was large the partici- pants could follow this information in the text which helped them to understand what was being emphasized. Also a list of the main references from each lecture were provided for further information. The coffee breaks gave good opportu- nities for interaction between participants and speakers and also amongst the par- ticipants themselves. Many participants felt that this course led to new contacts and in particular for the Latin-American atomic spectroscopy community it was considered an excellent opportunity for further integration and cooperation.Also many participants indicated that their own achievements during this course ex- ceeded their expectations and therefore they felt that this would be evident in the near future by improvements in their own work as users of these methods. The general programme was consid- ered by most speakers and participants as comprehensive and effectively covered both the theoretical and practical aspects which is rarely achieved. The organiza- tion was considered to be excellent the general programme was well managed and overall it was considered to be a suc- cessful international course. The good weather and friendly mood of speakers and participants played an important role in the success of the course.Finally there was general agreement that this type of course should be repeat- ed every 2-3 years and instead of the broad scope approach used in the first course it was suggested that the pro- gramme be confined to specific topics in atomic spectrometric methods and to organize the course jointly with a work- shop meeting to discuss the most recent research advances in the subject. Prof. Dr. Carlos G. Bruhn Course Coordinator Dept. of Instrumental Analysis Faculty of Pharmacy University of Concepcibn P.O.B. 237 Concepcibn Chile 1991 Pittsburgh Conference and Exposition on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy March 4thPth Chicago IL USA This year’s Pittsburgh Conference and Exposition on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy was held in Chicago IL; one of only three US cities with sufficient convention exhibition and hotel facilities to house this mammoth event.It is generally said that everything in America is big and ‘PittCon’ as it is known to veteran visitors and exhibitors is no exception. With 950 companies occupying 2700 booth spaces it is ‘the‘ place to see the vast array of ‘state-of-the- art’ ‘high-performance’ and ‘high-tech’ analytical instrumentation on the market as well as all the peripheral lab-ware and supporting software necessary for today’s technology. Whether to set up a new lab up-date an ageing one or just to keep up with what’s available the expected 30000 visitors came and saw and according to some exhibitors business was brisk. North Half McCormick Place (courtesy of 1991 Pittsburgh ConferencvlRoy Engelhrecht) ~ The publications of The Royal Society of Chemistry were well represented on its booth and the on-line demonstrations of Analytical Abstracts were very popular.Running concurrently with the exhibi- tion was the less prominent five-day tech- nical programme consisting this year of over 1100 oral presentations poster sym- posia and sessions award addresses short courses and workshops given by ex- hibiting companies. A big attraction this year was the initiation of three Plenary Lectures dealing with the topics the human genome project NMR and mole- cular biology and the birth of matter The James L. Waters Symposium was also well attended and was initiated last Presentation of the 1991 Pittsburgh Analytical Chemistry Award to Professor James Winefordner (centre) by Dennis Balya (Aluminum Company of America) ( L ) and Gary Christian (Society for Ana- lyrical Chemists of Pittsburgh) (courtesy of 1991 Pittsburgh ConferencelRoy Engelhrecht)JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL.6 257 Sir Alan Walsh (CSIRO Australia) at the RSC re- ception year to honour those involved in the in- vention development and commercialisa- tion of analytical instrumentation of established importance. Focusing this year on atomic absorption the spotlights shone deservedly so on Sir Alan Walsh FRS Hon. FRSC CSIRO Australia Pro- fessor Boris L’vov Leningrad Polytech- nical University USSR Dr.S. R. Koirtyohann University of Missouri and Walter Slavin of Perkin-Elmer. Sir Alan’s humorous reminiscences in- cluded the complete lack of interest in his first atomic absorption spectrometer and the continuing lack of interest by a scientific community busily caught up with the wonders of atomic emission spectrometry. Professor L’vov recounted the bearing that Walsh’s paper pub- lished in 1955 in Spectrochimica Acta on flame AAS had on his realization that a heated furnace as a source of atomiza- tion in the determination of refractory metals was the only feasible solution. Dr. Koirtyohann gave an academic per- spective on the success of AAS and graphite furnace AAS and Walter Slavin added commercial insight which lead to the subsequent acceptance of the tech- nique in the 1960s.The Pittsburgh Analytical Chemistry Award was presented to Professor James Winefordner Chairman of the Analytical Division of the Department of Chemistry University of Florida. Winefordner has published nearly 650 scientific papers and chapters in all areas of his research inter- ests. These include atomic and molecular emission absorption and fluorescence in flames and other hot gases development of sensitive selective gas and liquid chro- matographic detectors and the develop- ment of spectroscopic instrumentation for analysis. His award address was entitled ‘Laser Atomic Spectroscopy - What’s Next?’ There were several symposia of topical interest to scientists at all levels includ- ing the projected crisis in American chemical education the first results of the instruments aboard the Hubble Space Telescope and why there are still so few women and minorities in science.Many manufacturers save announce- ments of new instrumentation specifically for PittCon and this year was no excep- tion with a host of innovations on display those mentioned here being only a small fraction of what was on view. ARL is now marketing a 27 MHz torch which is viewed axially (end-on) and is less susceptible to matrix interferences particularly for the alkali metals as a result of the observed high electron number den- sities. Perkin-Elmer has come out with a new transversely heated graphite tube with an integrated L’vov platform. This first truly spatially isothermal tube features lower atomization temperatures improved detection limits for the refractory ele- ments and dramatic reduction in carry over between atomizations.Thermo Jarrell Ash announced a new Solid State d.c. Arc Spectrograph which incorporates a charge injection device (CID) detector/readout system. The CID detector coupled with an echelle optical design is capable of col- lecting a complete emission spectrum from any material in seconds. The CID device is a sensitive high-resolution ran- domly addressable array detector that Pi-ofessor Boris L’ wv (Leningrad PoIvtec.hnica1 Unit9ersity) at the RSC reception Dr. Dave Styris (Battelle Pacific Northwest Laho- ratory) ( L ) Dick Gordon (Battelle Pacijic North- west Laboratory) (centre) and Dr. Alex Scheeline (University of Illinois Urbana IL) ( R ) enjoying the RSC reception reads digitizes and stores a complete spec- trum of the sample.Great interest was being shown in the graphite furnace capac- itively coupled plasma (GF-CCP) from Aurora Instruments. This source combines the high atomization efficiency of a graph- ite furnace with the powerful excitation as- sociated with a high temperature plasma giving detection limits in the 1x10-’* g range for metals. The source can be retrofitted into most atomic emission or ab- sorption spectrometers. PittCon tries very hard to provide some- thing for every visitor and exhibitor. Most conferees however found that careful pri- ority planning was the only way to reap the benefits from the technical programme. PittCon also offers a full spouses’ pro- gramme and social programme. The most social event of all of course was the RSC’s reception held at the Chicago Hilton. Over 200 guests attended and many were able to partake of a rarity in Chicago Fuller’s ESB ale! A nice British touch to the RSC’s much appre- ciated hospitality abroad PittCon is a not-for-profit enterprise or- ganized entirely by volunteers who donate the proceeds of this event (about a half a million dollars annually) to benefit science education. It has come a long way from its humble beginnings 42 years ago in Pittsburg. The Spectroscopy Society of Pittsburg and the Society for Analytical Chemists of Pittsburgh co-sponsored the first conference in a suite of hotel rooms with just a handful of exhibitors accom- panied by a few technical papers. Looking to the future PittCon ’92 ( the adoption of the conference’s nick-name will be official next year) will be in New Orleans in a brand new convention facility. New Orleans is a firm favourite with exhib- itors and visitors alike mostly because it is so much wanner than Chicago in March! Andrea Bedson Virginia USA

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA9910600253

出版商:RSC    

年代:1991

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

258 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 1991 VOL. 6 Conferences and Meetings Fourth Surrey Conference on Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry and Second Kingston Conference on Plasma Spectrometry in the Earth Sciences July 14-19 1991 Universify of Surrey Guildford UK The second circular for the Surrey and Kingston conferences held together at Surrey for the first time is now available. Scientific programme The Fourth Surrey Conference will be con- cerned with inorganic analysis by mass spectrometry using plasma ion sources. Scientific sessions are planned on instru- mentation and theory sample introduction techniques analysis of solid samples and applications of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to biologi- cal industrial and geological samples. The second Kingston Conference is specifically devoted to the use of ICP analysis of geological and environmental samples in addition to methods of sample introduction for these sample types.This year the scientific sessions concerned with the analysis of geological and envi- ronmental samples by ICP-MS will be shared with the Surrey conference. The scientific programmes for both conferences will consist of keynote lec- tures and contributed papers including both oral and poster presentations. Invited speakers include Professor Sam Houk (Iowa State University USA); Professor Jean-Michel Mermet (University Claude Bernard France); Dr. Vladimir Elokhin (Academy of Sciences USSR); Dr. Conrad Gregoire (GSC Canada) Dr Auke van Huezen (Koninklijke/Shell The Netherlands); Dr. Joe Caruso (Uni- versity of Cincinnati USA); Dr.Ivan Rubeska (GSP Czechoslovakia); Mr. Rob Robert (MINTEK South Africa); Dr. Takafumi Hirata (GSJ Japan); and Dr. Gwendy Hall (GSC Canada). In addition there will be a manufac- turers’ exhibition and a social programme that includes ‘Challenge Paintball’ for the more active delegates (old clothing is essential!) or a trip to Leeds Castle in combination with the Whitbread Hop Farm for the more culturally oriented. There is also a Conference Banquet on the evening of Thursday 18th July. Registi-ation mid accommodation For the Surrey conference registration will take place from 15.30 on Sunday 14th July with an informa! opening re- ception at 18.30. Registrants at the Surrey Conference will be free to attend any session at the Kingston Conference at no extra charge.For the Kingston confer- ence registration will take place from 16.00 on Wednesday 17th July with an informal opening reception at 18.30. The registration fees for the Surrey Conference are as folllows. Residential (to include conference fee delegates package all accommodation meals and conference banquet) delegates 55 15; students (standard accommodation) 5260; and accompanying person 5295. Non-residential (to include conference fee delegates package lunches and re- freshments) non-resident delegate 2300; non-resident student 51 30; single day delegate &95; and conference banquet for non-residents 530. ‘The registration fees for the Kingston Conference (Surrey Conferences delegates can attend King- ston Conference sessions at no extra charge) are as follows.Residential (to include conference fee delegates pack- age standard accommodation meals and conference banquet) full delegate &190; student 5110; and accompanying person &loo. Non-residential (to include confer- ence fee delegates package lunches and refreshments) non-resident delegates 5125; non-resident student E75; single day delegate 590; conference banquet for non-resident 530. Accommodation within the University will be in single rooms in modem halls of residence. For delegates attending the Surrey Conference there is a strictly limited number of ]particularly attractive rooms available in the new University Court complex all olf which have en-suite facilities. For Surrey conference residents all meals from dinner on Sunday 14th July to morning coffee 011 Friday 19th July are included in the Surrey Conference package fee.For Kingston conference delegates all meals from dinner on Wednesday 17th July to morning coffee on Friday 19th July are included. For delegates of both conferences the Confer- ence Banquet and all social events are also included. For non-residents lunch and refreshments will be provided each day. Special dietary meals can be pro- vided upon prior request details to be provided on registration. The closing date for applications to attend either conference is 7th June 199 1. Applications should be made to either Dr Kym E. Jarvis 4th Surrey Conference NERC ICP-MS Facility Department of Geology Royal Holloway and Bedford New College Egham Surrey TW20 OEX UK or Dr.Ian Jarvis 2nd Kingston Conference School of Geological Scienc- es Kingston Polytechnic Penrhyn Road Kingston upon Tharnes Surrey KTI 2EE UK. 1991 Autumn Meeting September 24-26 199 1 Unii,ei-sity of York York UK The first circular for the 1991 Autumn Meeting of The Royal Society of Chemis- try has been produced by the organizing committee. In this the Society’s 150 Anniversary year the meeting is being held at the University of York from lunchtime on Tuesday 24th September to lunchtime on Thursday 26th September with participants foregathering on the morning of Tuesday 24th September. Topics covered during the meeting will be Chirality; Dynamics and Stereochem- istry in Inorganic Chemistry; New Chemistry Curricula for the 16-19 Age Range; Research Practice and Perfor- mance in Chemical Education; How Can Management Best be Taught to Chem- ists?; Spectroscopy in Environmental Science; The Chemical Industry-Friend to the Environment?; Selective Ap- proaches in Organic Synthesis; and Recent Developments in Gas Kinetics.Each of the sessions will include invited lectures and some have submitted poster and other oral contributions. The Dalton and Perkin Divisions are planning to hold Council meetings during the course of the meeting. Social events during the meeting will include a Recep- tion at the University on the Tuesday and a Conference Dinner on the Wednesday. The expected registration fee for the meeting will be &30 (exclusive of VAT) with a daily registration fee of El8 (ex- clusive of VAT); for all students who are members of the Society the registration fee will be waived.The accommodation charge for the two day period (half board dinner bed and breakfast) will be around &45 (exclusive of VAT). Further information will be available in June. Please contact Dr. John F. Gibson The Royal Society of Chemistry Burling- ton House London WIV OBN UK. Telepone 071 437 8656; telefax 071 437 8883. Thirtieth Annual Eastern Analytical Symposium and Exposition Nmwnber. 1 1-1 5 199 1. Garden State Coin’entioti and E.Yhibit Center- and the Somei-set Hilton Hotel Sonlei-set NJ us4 The 199 1 Eastern Analytical Symposium (EAS) programme will feature an interna- tional gallery of speakers in the most criti- cal areas of the analytical and allied sciences.In keeping with tradition the pro- gramme will include award symposia hon- ouring the recipients of the EAS Award forJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 1 VOL. 6 259 Outstanding Achievements in the Fields of Analytical Chemistry the EAS Award for Achievements in Chromatography the EAS Award for Achievements in the Field of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy the EAS Award for Achievements in the Field of Magnetic Resonance the American Mi- crochemical Society Benedetti-Pichler Memorial Award and the New York Section of the Society for Applied Spec- troscopy Award Medal. Central to the success of the 1991 EAS Technical Program are the contributed and invited papers which will be pre- sented in both oral and poster formats. The 1991 Exposition will feature 250 manufacturers exhibiting the latest in ana- lytical technology with easy access to the technical session which will be held on the same levels of the Garden State Con- vention and Exhibit Center.The Exposi- tion opens at 12.00 on Monday and closes at 14.00 on Thursday. Complete information regarding the Ex- position can be obtained from the Exposi- tion Director Mr. Robert W. Baudoux Sr. 4704 Bert Drive Monroeville PA 15146 USA. Telephone (412) 372-8965 or telefax (412) 372-6748 or contact the EAS Hotline on (302) 453-0785. 1992 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry January 6-1 1 1992 San Diego Princess Convention Center San Diego CA USA The 1992 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry seventh in a series of biennial meetings sponsored by the ICP Information Newsletter features develop- ments in plasma spectrochemical analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) d.c.plasma (DCP) microwave-induced plasma (MIP) and glow discharge and hollow cathode discharge (GDL HCL) sources. The meeting will convene Monday January 6 through Saturday January 1 1 1992 at the San Diego Prin- cess Convention Center in San Diego California. Continuing education short courses at introductory and advanced levels will be presented Friday through Sunday January 3-5. A three-day exhibi- tion of spectroscopic instrumentation and accessories will also be presented. Ohjecti\*es and programme The rapid growth in popularity of plasma sources for atomization and excitation in atomic spectroscopy and ionization in mass spectrometry and the need to discuss recent developments of these discharges in spectrochemical analysis stimulated the organization of this meeting.The Confer- ence will bring together international sci- entists experienced in applications instrumentation and theory in an informal setting to examine recent progress in the field. Approximately 500 participants from 25 countries are expected to attend. Approximately 200 papers describing applications fundamentals and instru- mental developments with plasma sources will be presented in lecture and poster sessions by about 150 authors. Symposia organized and chaired by rec- ognized experts will include the follow- ing topics (i) sample introduction and transport phenomena; (ii) flow injection spectrochemical analysis; (iii) automation and plasma instrumentation including chemometrics expert systems on-line analysis software and remote-system automation; (iv) sample preparation treatment and automation; ( v ) glow and hollow cathode discharges; (vi) laser- assisted plasma spectrometry; (vii) excita- tion mechanisms and plasma phenomena; (viii) plasma source mass spectrometry; (ix) interferometry and plasma atomic flu- orescence spectrometry; and (x) plasma spectrometric detection in chromatrogra- phy.Six plenary and 16 invited lectures will highlight advances in these areas. Three afternoon poster sessions will feature applications automation and new instrumentation. Five panel discussions will address critical development areas in sample introduction automation treating difficult samples practical plasma source mass spectrometry and plasma source chromatographic detectors. Plenary invited and submitted papers will be published in the September 1992 issue of the Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry as the official Conference proceedings after peer review.Instrument exhibition A three-day exhibition of spectroscopic in- strumentation and chemicals electronics glassware publications and software sup- porting plasma spectroscopy will comple- ment the scheduled sessions on Tuesday through Thursday January 7-9 with ap- proximately 30 firms participating. Social activities The Conference will be held at the San Diego Princess on Vacation Isle in Mission Bay ten minutes away for the San Diego International Airport. San Diego combines the proximity of Mexico with internationally famous landmarks in- cluding the San Diego Zoo Balboa Park Sea World Cabrillo National Monument Mission Bay Aquatic Park San Diego Harbour Old Town Wild Animal Park and Scripps Aquarium.Disneyland is only 90 miles to the north and Tijuana Mexico is approximately 30 miles to the south. The America's Cup '92 selection trials will be held in San Diego in mid- January. The average high temperature in January is 65 OF. A Conference social evening on January 7 will feature a dinner and show. Daily social hours and refreshments are also planned. Accommodation and ti*a\yel Central Travel Springfield MA is the official Conference travel agency. Ac- commodation at the San Diego Princess where all Conference activities will take place can be reserved with Central Travel at a special Conference rate of $90 per day (excluding tax) before October 18.After that a late fee will be charged. Arrangements for families with children are provided and extended stays before and after the Conference are offered at the Conference rate. For travel informa- tion and reservations please contact Central Travel on (800) 777-1680 (telefax (413) 737-9772). Registration The Conference registration fee includes a copy of the Conference proceedings Conference abstracts and a souvenir T- shirt. The registration fee is $260 prior to October 18 $375 until December 23 and $450 thereafter. Discounts are provided for students and no registration fee is re- quired for spouses. Short-course pre- registration fee is $75 prior to October 18 $1 10 until December 23 and $155 thereafter for each 4 hour short course.For information concerning exhibition registration facilities and fees contact the Conference Chairman. Advertising rates for the Conference programme book are available upon request. Invited speakers Invited speakers include M. Blades M. Bosier P. Boumans J. Broekaert S. Caroli M. B. Denton K. Dittrich W. Har- risson G. Hieftje R. S. Houk G. Horlick L. Jassie J. Hubert H. Kawaguchi G. Knapp J. McLaren J.-M. Mermet H. Ortner J. Rfiiicki and E. Voigtman. Cull for papers and submission schedule Titles and 50 word abstracts of papers de- scribing original work with plasma spectro- chemical applications fundamentals and novel instrument developments are soli- cited by July I 1991 For accepted papers final abstracts are due by October 7 199 1. Manuscripts for publication in the proceed- ings are requested by January 6 1992. Continuing education short courses Introductory and advanced 4 hour short courses will be presented Friday through Sunday January 3-5. Designed to provide background and intensive training in popular topics of plasma spectrochemistry approximately 50 courses will be presented in the areas of analysis instrumentation sample introduction and techniques. Further information can be obtained from Dr. R. M. Barnes 1992 Winter Con- ference on Plasma Spectrochemistry De- partment of Chemistry 102 GRC Towers University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003-0035 USA. Telephone (413) 545-2294 telefax (413) 545-4490.

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA9910600258

出版商:RSC    

年代:1991

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY JUNE 199 1 VOL. 6 260 Future Issues will Include- Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry From Alkaline Solutions Determination of Selenium in Copper and Nickel Materials-Torild Wickstrom Walter Lund and Ragnar Bye Characterization of Automotive Cata- lysts Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Sample Prepara- tion-James A. Brown Frank W. Kunz and Ronald K. Belitz Direct Analysis of Slags by ICP-AES Using Slurry Sample Introduction Tech- niques-M. L. Fernandez Sanchez and A. Sanz-Medel ln Siru Concentration of Stannane and Organotin Hydrides in a Graphite Furnace Coated With Zirconium-Ni Zhe-Ming Han Heng-Bin and Li Ang Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry of Inorganic and Organic Arsenic Species Using Conventional and Fast Furnace Programmes-Erik H.Larsen Solid Sampling in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using Commercial Atomizers A Review- Carlos Bendicho and M.T.C. de Loos- Vollebregt Comparison of Dry Mineralization and and Microwave Oven Digestion for the Determination of Arsenic in Mussel Prod- ucts by Platform in Furnace Zeeman-effect AAS-N. Yabenez M. L. Cervera R. Montoro and M. de la Cuardia Atomic Spectrometry Update The Update in the August issue is- Advances in Atomic Absorption Spectro- metry Atomic Fluorescence Spectro- metry and Related Techniquesateve Hill John Dawson john Price Ian Shuttler and Julian F. Tyson The Sixth Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium will be beld at the Polytechnic South West Plymouth 6 t h BNASS 22-24 July 1992 6th BNASS The symposium will provide a forum where interesting and useful applications of atomic spectroscopy can be reported and discussed. 1.n addition to plenary invited and submitted lectures a particular feature of the meeting will be the presentation of posters. There will also be an exhibition and a social programme for delegates and their guests. This meeting is organized by the Atomic Spectroscopy Group Analytical Division of The Royal Society of Chemistry Further information can be obtained from the Chairman of the organizing committee Dr S Hill Department of Environmental Sciences Polytechnic South West Drake Circus Plymouth Devon PL4 8AA UK.

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA9910600260

出版商:RSC    

年代:1991

数据来源: RSC