摘要:

Conversations with visibly disabled strangers entail unequivocally higher uncertainty and relatively more negative predicted outcome values compared to conversations with able‐bodied strangers. Contrasting derivations from uncertainty reduction and predicted outcome value theories were tested by comparing observations associated with respondents’ separate conversations with able‐bodied and visibly disabled partners. Four hypotheses were cast to favor predicted outcome value interpretations with respect to information seeking, three global features of the respondent's awareness of the partner's behavior, and the association of information seeking with nonverbal affiliative expressiveness and amount of verbal communication. Statistically significant differences in information seeking and awareness of the partner's behavior favored the predicted outcome value interpretation. Implications for predicted outcome value theory and interaction with visibly disabled conversational partners are disc

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1991.tb00242.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated the nature of network communication patterns based on innovation. As expected from previous work on uncertainty and informal organizational elites, a central group of core, integrated members was apparent in each network structure from three organizational subunits in a school district. Earlier studies have shown that communication about new ideas tends to occur in strong, multiplex relationships rather than weak ties in organizations. Such findings are apparent at the group level in the analyses of these data; the central, elite groups are characterized by dense linkages and high volumes of social/personal, and work communication. Relational attributions and content data were analyzed in a 2 × 2 table of elite and outsider sources and their judgments of elite and outsider contacts. As expected, elites view one another more favorably (on affect, influence, and receptiveness to new ideas) than they do outsiders. Outsiders also tend to rate elites more favorably in each area than they do other outsiders. Implications are discussed in terms of the way that elites manage uncertainty, others’ attributions, and their close versus weak ties in order to retain influence and control over innovation process

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1991.tb00243.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cultivation theorists hypothesize a monotonic pattern of means across viewing subgroups, that is, that people in groups defined by higher levels of television viewing will be more likely to give the “television world” answer than will people in groups defined by lower levels of viewing. This prediction, along with the methodological practices used in conducting research on the theory, make it clear that there is an assumption of linearity that is accepted by both theorists and researchers. However, there is reason to speculate that the underlying cultivation relationship may not be linear. This study provides empirical evidence that the relationship is not linear. Because of the nonlinearity of the distribution, the selection of cut points is a critical decision that can significantly influence the results of subsequent analyses. Also, the popular use of certain statistical procedures designed to test linear relationships is also challen

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1991.tb00244.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Stress has the potential to impair accurate decoding of others’ communication. This experiment tested the effects of stress, induced through the Stroop Color‐Word Test, on the accurate decoding of kinesic and vocalic emotional expressions. Respondents (N =372) viewed or heard 30 emotional expressions interspersed with multichannel color stimuli that were redundant with one another (low stress) or conflicted with one another (high stress). Analyses of accuracy scores across three trials supported three of four hypotheses. Stress debilitated accuracy primarily in the vocalic channel and at the onset of stress. The kinesic facial channel also produced consistently higher accuracy than the vocalic channel, and females achieved higher accuracy than males, but this superiority dissipated by the third tr

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1991.tb00245.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

While attributional processes are traditionally regarded as intrapersonal phenomena, attributional statements are a common feature of interpersonal communication. This study sought to explore the nature of attributions that are used tactically in conversation. Among other tasks, participants were asked to describe conversations in which causal statements had been posited for some “ulterior” purpose—perhaps to evoke an emotion, obtain a behavior, or receive some sort of compliment. Results revealed that the most commonly cited tactical attributions included excuses, justifications, and affiliation moves. Nontactical attributions, in contrast, rarely included affiliation moves. Attributions that were used tactically also tended to focus more frequently on positive events, behaviors, or qualities and tended to emphasize interpersonal, stable sources more often than nontactical attributions. The most frequently perceived goal for tactical attributions was to obtain an object or behavior. Implications for an extension of the literature on accounts are disc

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1991.tb00246.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Data from Zillmann, Weaver, Mundorf, and Aust's 1986 study suggested that when males viewed a horror film, their levels of reported distress were correlated with levels of enjoyment or delight. For females, distress and delight were not related. Zillmann et al. interpreted these findings in the context of gender role socialization and excitation transfer theory. One limitation of the Zillmann et al. study is that only one film stimulus was used, which raises a question about the generalizability of the pattern of reported sex differences. In addition, no physiological measures of emotional response were reported. In the present research, secondary analyses from two studies were conducted that showed that the pattern of sex differences reported by Zillmann et al. did generalize to other film stimuli. Moreover, results from physiological responses indicated the plausibility of the excitation transfer process.

ISSN:0360-3989    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1991.tb00247.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY