摘要:

This paper describes efforts to build a supply curve for survival of the northern spotted owl in the wild. A survey of experts and a population dynamics simulation model relate species survival to habitat capacity. Home range studies provide the basis for determining the owl's area requirements. Cataloging land in the range of the owl in terms of suitability for owl habitat and for timber production provides the link between timber harvest and the probability of owl survival. Finally, an econometric model of stumpage and wood products markets predicts welfare impacts of timber harvest reductions. The supply curve relates the probability of northern spotted owl survival to the present value to consumers and producers of foregone timber harvest over time.

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00220.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents results from a national contingent‐valuation study of the economic benefits of preserving old‐growth forests in the Pacific Northwest. The study elicits “market‐like” valuation responses from U.S. households concerning the benefits of a conservation policy for the northern spotted owl. These data provide a basis for estimating the benefits of preservation in terms of average household willingness to pay. Existing cost estimates are used to compute threshold prices that the benefits of the policy must exceed for the policy to be efficient. Benefit/cost ratios are calculated using “best” and “lower‐bound” estimates of the benefits of preservation. Under all combinations of assumptions, the estimated benefits exceed the costs of the

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00221.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Defense contractors in the United States face a painful choice between downsizing or investing in new high‐risk commercial ventures. Past experience reveals numerous failed efforts to penetrate commercial markets and few, if any, successes.The capabilities required to succeed in civilian business are fundamentally different from those needed to design and produce weapon systems. Defense firms and defense divisions of diversified corporations lack adequate knowledge of commercial products, production methods, advertising and distribution, financial approaches, and customer demand.Given the outlook for a sustained decline in U.S. military spending, the author advises companies catering to military markets to cut their costs by reducing excess capacity. Smaller but more competitive positions can be achieved through restructuring, mergers, sales of assets, and, if necessary, closing down unneeded facilities. Firms that ignore the pleas for “conversion” and do not dissipate their assets in civilian markets alien to them stand the best chance of surviving during a period of reduced military d

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00222.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper attempts to convey to representatives of the erstwhile Soviet bloc an understanding of the problems they face in achieving a market economy. Although the transition from a command economy to a market economy is perilous, the author advises policymakers that retarding the tempo of change will invite economic and political disaster.

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00223.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using microdata from the 1970 and 1980 U.S. Censuses, this article examines recent trends in immigrant welfare recipiency. Immigrant welfare use increased over the 1970s, both in absolute terms and in comparison to the welfare use of natives. A small number of source country characteristics explain over two‐thirds of the large variation in welfare recipiency that exists across national origin groups. Moreover, changes in the average source country characteristics of the foreign‐born population between 1970 and 1980 can account for almost all of the increase in immigrant welfare recipiency that occurred over the dec

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00224.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The “crowding out” effect of debt‐financed government spending on the private sector consumption‐saving decision and on private investment behavior has been a controversial subject for several years. Do increases in debt‐financed government spending stimulate private consumption and saving in the short run, as well as private consumption in subsequent periods? Or does the realization that future taxes must be raised to finance repayment of the debt result in a lack of stimulus for consumption as well as no detrimental impact on subsequent private saving? This article empirically tests for the presence and/or magnitude of tax discounting and crowding out, carefully distinguishing between the two, and decomposes government debt instruments according to their maturities in order to determine impact due to a reorientation of debt structure. The results do not support the existence of tax discounting, suggesting instead that government deficits do stimulate current co

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00225.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study associates levels of exposure to ozone and fine particulate matter in the South Coast Air Basin of California with resident income, race, age and education. A Regional Human Exposure Model provides the basis for estimating exposure not only on location or residence, but also on mobility within the Basin and time spent in various activities indoors and outdoors. The results are consonant with earlier research in most respects, except that population density is negatively related to exposure. Ethnic minorities and children receive the greatest exposure levels. The highest income group exhibits a strongly negative association with exposure.

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00226.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper empirically tests the effect of clean indoor air laws on smoking. Public place clean indoor air laws restrict cigarette smoking in public places such as restaurants. Private place clean air laws regulate smoking in private work places as well as in public places. This study uses a time series of cross sections of the 50 states of the United States and Washington, D.C., from 1975 through 1985, to estimate single equation and simultaneous equation models of cigarette demand. The single equation results indicate that both the public place law and the private work place law have a negative effect on cigarette demand. However, a test for endogeneity shows that the enactment of clean indoor air laws is a function of cigarette demand. Results from a simultaneous equations model indicate that the public place law has a significant negative impact on cigarette demand, while the work place law has no effect on cigarette demand. Although these results demonstrate that only states with low levels of smoking have passed work place clean air laws, the results do not imply that the level of smoking would not decrease if such a law were imposed in all states.

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00227.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article explores the links between self‐admitted drug dealing and labor force behavior to determine if and/or how returns to employment influence the decisions by both blacks and whites to enter drug dealing. Using data collected on inmates in prisons and jails in California, Michigan, and Texas, this analysis concludes that black and white offenders vastly differ in their perceptions of criminal opportunities. But the dominant factor contributing to entry into drug selling, especially among black males, is unattractive market opportunities. One cannot determine unambiguously whether this results from the lure of drug dealing for its entrepreneurial attractiveness or simply results from crime versus employment choices. In any case, evidence presented clearly shows that racial differences in returns to employment explain most of the gap between black and white drug dealin

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00228.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although recent research has shown that drug abuse treatment reduces drug use and criminal activity in some clients, the impact of treatment on clients' post‐treatment labor market behavior is relatively unknown. This study uses data from a longitudinal survey to analyze annual legal and illegal earnings for 2,420 drug abusers. The analysis focuses on two different time intervals—one year before entering a drug abuse treatment program and one year after leaving the same program. It describes client characteristics, labor market variables, and treatment history, and estimates the effects of length of time in treatment on post‐treatment earnings. The regression analysis shows that length of time in treatment had a positive (negative) and statistically significant impact on real legal (illegal) earnings following treatment for methadone and residential clients, but the magnitude was small; accounting for possible selection bias had little effect on the results. Although residential clients experienced the largest relative changes in earnings outcomes, simply comparing the direct cost of residential treatment with the benefits from improved legal earnings and lower illegal earnings suggests that additional residential treatment is not cost‐ben

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00229.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY