摘要:

With assistance from government officials and friends in the People's Republic of China, and from others, the author has been able to gather rare information on developments in that country. Five years ago, he predicted that China would move toward a system akin to one with private property rights, that development of the labor market would precede that of the property market, and that state enterprises wielding relatively strong monopoly powers would be the last to yield. Dramatic changes since then have made those predictions remarkably accurate…faulted only by an underestimate of the speed of change. Continued investigation of events inside China suggests that, while the undercurrent for change remains strong, economic reform in China is likely to progress at a considerably slower pace in the futur

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00852.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The world war industry is defined as the part of human income‐earning activity devoted to producing, maintaining, and sometimes utilizing means of destruction. Most of the industry consists of what is purchased with national states' military budgets, which are spent by unilateral national defense organizations. These organizations are basically noneconomical, in the sense that they do not have a balance sheet, do not show a “bottom line” or net worth, and therefore there is no way to estimate their profitability. They have economic aspects in terms of decisions that balance marginal benefits against marginal costs. The benefits, however, are mainly psychological in the minds of the decision makers. Wars of conquest, especially those resulting in empires, have not paid off very well for the conquering power. Military defeat often leads to cultural and economic development. Nuclear weapons and long‐range missiles have made national defense essentially obsolete and the greatest enemy of national security. Military leaders may respond to this development as they recognize their traditional culture of courage, heroism, and fighting has been replaced by child roasting and perhaps universal destruction. There seem to be few economies of scale in the national state, and perhaps we should look forward to a world of 500 national states in stable peace with a very limited, functional world gov

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00853.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is widely assumed that weak economic performance in the Soviet Union provides motivation for Soviet leaders to pursue arms negotiations in good faith. This paper argues that the reality is quite the opposite. For both political and economic considerations, the weak economy of the Soviet Union generates incentives for the Soviets to use arms control negotiations to achieve military advantages rather than to limit arms.

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00854.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To build peace it is necessary to convert what Hirshleifer (1976) has called “meta‐constitutional” politics among nations into “constitutional” politics. To predict the eventual elimination of meta‐constitutional politics and to suggest some steps that may hasten the process, Boulding's (1945) and North's (1981) explanations of the rise of civilization are combined with Coase's (1937) and Cheung's (1978) insights into organization theory and with Alchian's (1950) analysis of prediction that does not rely on rational behavior. The argument can be summarized in terms of game theory where technology, education, and population growth change the perceived payo

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00855.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Much conventional wisdom supports the argument that growing economic problems in the Soviet Union will tend to enhance Soviet willingness to make concessions at the arms control bargaining table. This position is plausible. Equally plausible, however, is the opposite view: as a means of protecting its political power at home, the Soviet leadership could be led by falling living standards to emphasize the growth and importance of external threats. This would be inconsistent with a Soviet desire for arms control as conventionally defined. Economic problems in the Soviet Union are not new, and the Soviet approach to past arms control negotiations does not offer evidence in support of the conventional view.

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00856.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00857.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper assesses the competition faced by oil pipelines. It also uses a new procedure and new data to test whether oil pipeline markets are competitive or monopolistic, under standard definitions. The key innovation of the paper is a new approach to the definition of the relevant market(s) in which oil pipelines operate. While recognizing that pipeline monopsony also could be a problem under certain conditions, the paper argues that these conditions are unlikely to arise and that if they do, it is unclear whether pipeline owners would be in a position to exploit them. The study offers new evidence to fuel the 80‐year‐old debate over pipeline rates and regulat

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00858.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

United States oil imports are predominantly carried in non‐U.S. ships, a fact that some interpret as an energy security problem whose solution lies in increasing federal assistance to U.S. shipbuilding and shipping industries. This paper examines three options (one regulatory, two budgetary) for such federal assistance. Examination of the options comprises estimates of relative costs, consequences for traditional U.S. maritime goals, and implications for national security. The options are found to differ significantly in respect to relative cost and capacity to meet military security needs. As background, the paper also analyzes the costs of U.S. shipbuilding and shipping industries relative to their foreign counterparts. It thereby indicates why, and how much, federal assistance would be required to satisfy national security goals. The paper concludes that the regulatory policy option (cargo preference) has the highest relative cost and is the least effective for meeting national security goal

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00859.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper assesses the historic nature of regulation of the interstate natural gas pipeline industry and examines two recently proposed reforms, “mandatory” contract carriage and open entry. Empirical evidence that bears on the desirability of each of these reforms is cited or developed. It is argued that the reforms increase competition in gas transportation, thereby diminishing the need for traditional regulation, and that they increase economic efficiency in the transport of natural

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1986.tb00860.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY