摘要:

This paper assesses the role of Biotechnology Development Agreements (BDAs) in creating incentives to conserve biodiversity. A major cause of species loss is the conversion of tropical forests to crop and pasture land. Biodiversity conservation, therefore, fundamentally depends on the economics of agricultural land use in developing countries. BDAs can play only a limited role in a comprehensive strategy to increase incentives for biodiversity conservation. Policymakers must examine biodiversity policies in the broader context of land tenure, rural poverty, and agricultural development in tropical countries.

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00429.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Relationships between the potential productivity of land and property rights generally are couched in terms of measures of central tendency or means. However, risk or variance as a measure of uncertainty also is critical in relating property rights and organizational arrangements developed within various property regimes. Meteorological and hydrological research results support the appropriateness of risk‐spreading property regimes, especially in semi‐arid and arid lands. Spatial diversification models indicate that common property regimes can be a rational response to environmental variability. Efforts by the public sector to privatize and fence grazing lands on the extensive margin may have limited appeal to pastoralists throughout the wo

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00430.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using agricultural feedstocks for industrial products affects domestic and international agricultural markets, all of which are encumbered with complex policies. This article examines the interaction of three seemingly unrelated policies: the Clean Air Act, the U.S. corn program, and European Union agricultural subsidies. More ethanol production, resulting from new regulations associated with the Clean Air Act, increases the use of U.S. corn and increases the supply of corn gluten feed, an ethanol co‐product. Corn gluten feed is primarily exported to Europe under a loophole in European Union trade barriers. But recent reform of European Union farm policy will lower the price of the European grain for which corn gluten feed is a substitute. This development lowers prices for a major ethanol co‐product and thus makes ethanol itself less profitable just as the demand for the fuel is expanding. NAFTA, GATT, and new technologies also play cameo roles in the st

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00431.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Creating a successful energy tax policy requires understanding the markets that the energy policy targets. This paper analyzes coal, natural gas, and oil markets to determine the extent to which these fuel prices move together. Results indicate that a stable long‐run relationship between coal and oil prices existed until 1974 and that this relationship changed after 1974. The long‐run relationship between coal, natural gas, and oil prices implies that a single fuel tax in these markets would not be effective as a single tax policy. Similarly, an equal percentage tax on these energy sources, which does not change relative prices initially, would not keep relative prices unchanged in the long run. Energy policy must take account of the long‐run relationship between different energy prices. Otherwise, the long‐run results of energy policy could be quite different than i

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00432.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article examines the costs of U.S. oil conservation by using parameters of five world oil models from a recent Energy Modeling Forum study. Variation in the estimated cost of oil conservation across the models suggests that achieving oil conservation through flexible policies that adjust to market conditions would better serve economic efficiency than would setting government‐mandated levels of oil consumption. Additionally, net world oil conservation is likely to be somewhat less than gross U.S. conservation. U.S. oil conservation lowers the world oil price and stimulates non‐U.S. oil consumption. Including the gains in non‐U.S. oil consumption raises the estimated costs of achieving a given conservation

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00433.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Since 1990, capital has flowed from industrial countries to developing regions like Latin America and parts of Asia. Most countries welcome reentry into international capital markets. However, capital inflows often are associated with inflationary pressures, a real exchange rate appreciation, a deterioration in the current account, and a boom in bank lending. This paper briefly examines how these inflows have altered the macroeconomic environment in a number of Asian and Latin American countries, and discusses the pros and cons of the policy options.

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00434.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Trade policy analysts frequently use the price‐gap method to measure non‐tariff barriers (NTB). A very recent example is the tariffication of NTBs following the Uruguay Round. This paper discusses the limitations of applying the price‐gap method to differentiated products and introduces a modified price‐gap method. This modified price‐gap method is a less frequently used generalization of the original one. Using the modified price‐gap method to estimate the tariff equivalent of the Canadian cheese import quotas produces a substantially lower estimate than does the orig

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00435.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper investigates the issue of monetary overhang in centrally planned economies (CPEs). The analysis compares the money stocks in CPEs with those in market economy counterparts. Contrary to conventional belief, the findings here suggest that the money stocks in traditional CPEs do not tend to be excessive. This implies that CPEs suffer more from structural distortion than from monetary overhang in their traditional stage.

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00436.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper evaluates the impact of taxation on cigarette consumption, using a recursive model that includes a retail price equation and a dynamic demand equation. The analysis is based on panel data for 11 western states over the period 1967–1990. Results indicate that cigarette consumption is price‐sensitive, with a demand elasticity of –0.40 in the short run and –0.48 in the long run. A tax increase, such as that imposed in California in January 1989, can have a strong effect of reducing cigarette consumption by between 11.2 percent in the short run and 13.4 percent in the long run. These results support the theory of rational addiction and the hypothesis that, as a part of their oligopoly behavior, the tobacco companies often do raise end‐market prices by more than the amount of the increase in

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00437.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Harm reduction (HR) policy is designed to reduce the social, medical and economic cost of illegal drug use to users and to society at large. It is the most important recent development in international drug policy. However, in the United States and elsewhere, some fear that HR facilities such as needle exchanges and methadone maintenance programs may increase drug consumption and the risk of addiction. This is most likely if users are rational, forward‐looking utility maximizers as in the Becker‐Murphy model (1988). The tendency for HR policy to increase drug consumption may be strong or weak, depending on the type of drug and the elasticity of demand with respect to the full cost of drug use. The model predicts that the effects will differ between social groups and that there is an optimal prescribing policy for addicts who legally receive drugs in treatment programs. Evidence suggests that clinicians tend to prescribe sub‐opti

ISSN:1074-3529    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00438.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY