摘要:

Recent research has failed to support the prediction based on hopelessness theory that hopelessness mediates the full relationship between attributional style for negative outcomes and depression. A re‐examination of hopelessness theory, however, provides the hypothesis that a measure of hopelessness containing items directly relevant to an ongoing negative life‐event will mediate the full relationship between attributional style for negative outcomes and depression. Hopelessness theory was extended with a second hypothesis that attributional style for positive outcomes is involved in the aetiology of depression and that hopelessness also mediates the full relationship between attributional style for positive outcomes and depression. The third hypothesis was that a series of ‘background variables’ (e.g. age, sex) omitted in previous research would be implicated in the generation of depression. The three hypotheses were tested and supported with data collected from a sample of young unemployed adults. A further aspect of hopelessness theory overlooked in most research is an ability to account for reductions in depression associated with the cessation of a negative life‐event and occurrence of a positive life‐event. The hopelessness theory and the three hypotheses were again supported with data collected from individuals who were unemployed and others who had recently undergone the transition from unemployment to

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01167.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Beardsall&Brayne (1990) have introduced a method for estimating full‐length National Adult Reading Test (NART) scores using the scores on the first half of the test only. They suggest that this is appropriate for subjects who are of low reading ability and might otherwise find testing distressing. Crawford, Parker, Allan, Jack&Morrison (1991) have subsequently explored the accuracy with which Short NART predicted full NART scores and in addition WAIS IQ scores in a large cross‐validation sample. They concluded that the Short NART could be used with modest confidence when estimating premorbid IQ. However, when applied to 202 consecutive referrals to this Memory Disorders Clinic, the accuracy with which the Short NART predicted full NART error scores was less satisfactory. Results indicated that discrepancies between Short NART and full NART error scores were outside the bounds of both clinical and statistical acceptability. Examination of these results revealed that one possible source of difficulty lay in variation in the accuracy with which words are pronounced. It is concluded that, despite the appeal of a shortened version of the NART to estimate premorbid IQ, without further modification its use in clinical practice cannot be recommen

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01168.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fifty‐three female subjects performed a modified Stroop colour‐naming task 30 minutes after consuming a high‐calorie preload, a low‐calorie preload or water. Half of the subjects were 18 hours food deprived prior to testing. Food restriction and the caloric density of the preload had no effect on the colour‐naming of food‐related words. However, impairments in the colour‐naming of food‐related words did vary according to the subjects' self‐reported hunger level. This relationship between hunger and colour‐naming impairment was not linear, with the most hungry subjects displaying the smallest impairment in the colour naming of food words. The results are interpreted in terms of recent thought on the relationship between attentional processi

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01169.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01170.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01171.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01172.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01173.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY