摘要:

Dieting is a common practice among adolescent girls. Recent research suggests that adolescent dieting may not be benign and that it is becoming more frequent in younger age groups. The present study investigated dieting motivation and the underlying attitudes to body weight and shape in two age groups. Eighty‐four nine‐year‐old and 86 14‐year‐old girls from the same school completed assessments of dietary restraint, body esteem, body satisfaction and body figure preferences. The girls' body weight and height were also measured. The distribution of restraint scores revealed individuals from both age groups in every category of dieting motivation. Subjects in the upper and lower quartiles of the restraint distribution were identified and compared on the other measures. The highly restrained girls expressed low body esteem and discontent with their body build, weight and certain regions of their bodies. Furthermore, their ‘ideal’ body shape was significantly slimmer than their perceived current body shape, and slimmer even than that of the non‐dieters. This pattern held for both the nine‐ and 14‐year‐olds, of whom half of each age group were of average or below average weight index for their age. The appearance of these dispositions and behaviours by the age of nine, or possibly earlier, may result in a marked increase in future clinical eating p

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00973.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this study is to determine whether staff attitudes towards patients are affected by staff causal attributions. Forty‐eight nurses and doctors were presented with five case histories of patients suffering from lung cancer, liver cirrhosis myocardial infarction, breast lump and cervical cancer. There were two versions of each case: one patient had followed and the other had ignored a relevant health action (e.g. not smoking in the lung cancer patients). Subjects responded to just one version of each case. For all five conditions, staff had significantly more negative attitudes towards patients who had not undertaken a relevant health behaviour compared with patients who had undertaken a relevant health behaviour. A second group of nurses rated it as more likely that this latter group of patients could have prevented their illnesses. The results suggest that information about a patient's health habits prior to illness influence staff attitudes to that patient. Evidence is presented suggesting that the effect of this information is mediated by perceived controllability of the illness, as predicted by an attributional model of helping behaviou

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00974.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ten patients attending one general medical hospital clinic who fulfilled operational criteria for the diagnosis of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) and with a history longer than three months, underwent a series of standardized neuropsychological and psychiatric tests. Nine were able to complete the tests and were individually matched with a normal control group for age, sex, educational background and premorbid intelligence. The ME subjects showed inferior performance to the controls on two tests of verbal memory. Their personality scores displayed less extraversion and less psychoticism. This is the first report of objective neuropsychological abnormalities in patients with ME, suggesting a discrete deterioration of short‐term memory. The findings may also suggest a concurrent psychiatric component of the condition, but the direction of causality remains to be clarifie

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00975.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00976.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00977.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Hypnosis in Therapy.ByH. B. Gibson&M. Heap.Clinical Applications of Cognitive Therapy.ByArthur Freeman, James Pretzer, Barbara Flemming&Karen M.Coping with Catastrophe.ByPeter E. Hodgkinson&Michael Stewart.Depression Runs in Families.ByConstance Hammen.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00978.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY