摘要:

With the development of cognitive models of depression, interest in identifying an enduring cognitive style characteristic of depression‐prone individuals has increased. However, empirical evidence for cognitive vulnerability of this kind is as yet sparse. The paper describes the development of a Cognitions Questionnaire (CQ), designed not only to provide an overall measure of depressive cognitive style, but also to assess specific dimensions of negative thinking in relation to different types of hypothetical events. Results of a study investigating the CQ's association with depression and its capacity to detect residual cognitive vulnerability following an episode of depression are reporte

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00631.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Some clinicians have considered the Beck Depression Inventory, a self‐rating scale, too reactive to patient halo effects and, therefore, a liberal measure of treatment outcome. On the other hand, interviewer‐rating scales, like the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression have been viewed as more conservative measures of treatment gain. Studies which compared the Beck Depression Inventory to the Hamilton Rating Scale, as dependent measures, were reviewed for the purpose of determining if the scales provided comparable data for assessing treatment effects. The use of meta‐analysis techniques resulted in a comparison of effect sizes which indicated that the Beck Depression Inventory was significantly less liberal than the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. The implications of these results for selecting outcome measures and the application of meta‐analysis techniques for comparing dependent measures are di

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00632.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a study of psychological adjustment to coronary artery bypass surgery 23 patients who underwent surgery were seen pre‐operatively, prior to discharge and one year after surgery. A comparison sample of 19 patients not tested pre‐surgically was contacted by postal questionnaire one year post‐operatively. An hierarchical grouping analysis carried out on seven outcome variables yielded a two‐group solution for the study sample and this was replicated in the comparison sample. Group 1 indicated change for the better and Group 2 change for the worse since surgery. Discriminant function analysis of 23 pre‐operative and operative variables for the first sample indicated ability to cope with stressful events and neuroticism were significant predictors of outcome. Patients in the comparison sample did not differ from the study sample in outcome measures, indicating no effect of assessment prior to operation for the stu

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00633.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of the study was to identify factors determining performance on the Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Figure Test in a normal population, in terms of accuracy of initial copy and delayed recall. Both immediate copy and delayed recall were related to age, and especially to the strategy adopted at the initial copy. A regression equation was derived whereby delayed recall could be predicted from the strategy adopted at the initial copy and the subject's age. This should prove useful in the analysis of Rey‐Osterrieth performance in individual ca

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00634.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes a questionnaire study of absent‐mindedness in shops, and an analysis of 166 letters written by 67 individuals who felt themselves to be wrongly accused of shoplifting. A total of 150 men and women were asked how often they had experienced each of 24 varieties of mental lapse while shopping. If they had not actually suffered a particular lapse, they were asked to judge its likelihood of occurrence. Approximately half of the sample also completed the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). Lapses carrying the risk of shop‐lifting accusations were reported as occurring far less frequently, and were judged as less likely, than either ‘embarrassing’ or ‘nuisance’ lapses. However, an examination of the circumstances leading up to accusations of shoplifting indicated that high risk lapses can occur when ill health, extreme preoccupation and distraction are combined with unwise supermarket practices. A positive and significant correlation was found between the CFQ and the Absent‐Mindedness in Shops Questionnaire (AMSQ). A factor analysis of the AMSQ revealed a very pervasive general factor, together with a risk appreciation factor. The findings supported the view that responses to both the CFQ and the AMSQ reflected characteristic differences in the management of some superordinate attentional con

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00635.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The questionnaire responses of 559 agoraphobic subjects were analysed to see whether there was a shared hierarchical pattern of fear and avoidance. The items were divided on the basis of a principal component analysis into 13 loading on an Agoraphobia factor and eight on a Claustrophobia factor. When analysed with Guttman Scaling Analysis valid cumulative scales were found for each factor. These scales were replicated in three independent cohorts of subjects and met the most stringent scaling requirements. The scales produced three valid scores of severity for each individual, the first describing exactly which Agoraphobic items the subject avoids, the second describing Agoraphobic items feared and the third Claustrophobic items avoided. Since it is possible to deduce the current pattern of fear and avoidance from the scores, they can be used to summarize the clinical state of an individual client or for making precise descriptive comparisons between agoraphobics. The scales also indicate that agoraphobics do not develop their own unique set of difficulties from the possible pool of problems, but acquire an ordered set of difficulties, the order being shared by other agoraphobics.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00636.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Reid&Ware Locus of Control Scales, which include a self‐control scale, were given to 49 neurotic patients. The three factors reported by Reid&Ware of self‐control, social system control and chance were closely replica

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00637.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fifty cardiac patients undergoing coronary artery catheterization completed the Jenkins Activity Scale and the Framingham Type A Scale (i.e. two measures of the coronary‐prone behaviour pattern) and measures of anger and neuroticism. The Type A measures demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity relative to the other psychological dimensions, though Type A measures were moderately correlated with anger and neuroticis

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00638.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Depressed subjects make lower retrospective estimates of success on experimental tasks than non‐depressed controls. This could be an effect of depressed mood on retrieval of information rather than a more enduring aspect of depressives' cognitive organization. To examine this possibility, elated or depressed mood was induced in normal subjects after they had performed an experimental task. Retrospective estimates of success on the task were lower when made in depressed mood than in elated mood. Control conditions suggested that the results were not effects of experimental deman

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00639.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Premenopausal hysterectomy patients were assessed to examine the link between sex‐role stereotype, mental health status and patients' expectation of outcome and post‐operative adjustm

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00640.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY