摘要:

A description of a social‐cognitive theory of depression is presented which combines the concepts of mental models, personal goals and social roles. An analysis is made of how a number of proposals about the onset of depression can be summarized as the loss of a valued goal or social role in an individual who has few other sources of self‐worth. In subsequent sections, limitations of the theory are outlined, and the relationship between the present theory and other theories of depression is briefly conside

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01484.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The literature on the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on non‐memory cognitive functions is reviewed. It is concluded that with early methods of ECT administration (sine wave, high dose), these effects are larger than those of depression. They are less pronounced, and usually do not exceed the effects of depression, when modern methods of ECT administration (brief pulse, moderate or low dose) are used. Following ECT, these functions progressively improve. At one week to seven months after ECT, performance is better than before ECT, probably because of the alleviation of both the effects of depression and of ECT. The time course to full recovery of the non‐memory effects resembles that of the recovery of amnesic effects, although the latter are more pronounced. With bilateral ECT, as with right unilateral ECT, there is evidence that right hemisphere effects are more pronounced. The results of this review argue that clinicians should take the non‐memory cognitive effects of ECT into account, and patients should be informed of their existence before they sign consent fo

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01485.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This investigation tested the hypotheses that individuals disposed towards hallucination are deficient in the meta‐cognitive skills of reality discrimination and reality monitoring, and that there is a strong correlation between the measures of these skills. Normal subjects scoring high or low on a scale measuring predisposition towards hallucination were tested on an auditory signal detection task. High scorers on the scale were found to differ from low scorers on a measure of perceptual bias but not on a measure of sensitivity. The same groups of subjects were tested on a reality monitoring measure in which they were required to monitor two different types of word: words they were required to listen to, and words they were required to listen to on some trials and imagine on others. On a surprise frequency test it was found that high scorers did not differ from low scorers on their ability to accurately count the memories of words they had heard. It was also found that both high scorers and low scorers overestimated the number of times they had heard words when they had also been required to imagine these words on tests; however, high scorers made this error to a significantly greater extent. A strong correlation was found between reality discrimination and reality monitoring measures for high scorers, but no correlation was found for low scoter

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01486.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The CAMCOG, which forms part of the CAMDEX interview (Rothet al., 1986, 1988), is a brief neuropsychological battery designed to assess the range of cognitive functions required for a diagnosis of dementia, and to detect mild degrees of cognitive impairment. It was administered to a population sample of 418 elderly people (aged 77 and above) in their place of residence. The data show that in contrast to the Mini‐Mental State Examination, total CAMCOG scores are well distributed and there is no ceiling effect.Examination of the association between CAMCOG scores and socio‐demographic variables (age, sex, education and social class) shows that each exerts a significant, and independent, effect upon performance.CAMCOG also includes a number of subscales which assess individual areas of cognitive function. Of the eight major subscales (orientation, language, memory, attention, praxis, calculation, abstract thinking, perception), age was significantly related to all but attention; sex with attention, praxis, calculation and perception; education with language and abstract thinking; and social class with language and perception. In all these analyses, the results were adjusted for the effects of the other socio‐demographic variables using analysis of variance. However, education and social class are highly correlated variables and when the association with education is examined without adjusting for social class, attention and praxis are also found to be significantly related to education. Caution must therefore be taken when using the CAMCOG (or any other cognitive test) as a screening test for dementia, using a single, predetermined cutpoint.In general, the combination of brevity and breadth of the CAMCOG, along with its distributional properties, makes it an attractive neuropsychological test for use in the community or the c

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01487.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We investigated the social interactions of college students varying in dependency and self‐criticism. Forty‐eight college students used a modified version of the Rochester Interaction Record to record quantitative and qualitative features of every 10‐minute or longer interaction during a seven‐day period. Daily measures of mood were also collected. Dependency was related to more frequent and more intimate interactions, and self‐criticism was negatively related to pleasantness of social interactions. Although dependency and self‐criticism were both associated with daily dysphoria, the social interaction findings could not be attributed to the effects of mood. The social environments associated with dependency and self‐criticism may influence the aetiology and course of depres

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01488.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Depressed psychotherapy clients (N= 117) rated the treatment principle credibility of cognitive‐behavioural (CB) and psychodynamic‐interpersonal (PI) before they were randomly assigned to receive either eight or 16 sessions of one of these treatments, and they rated their expectations of the treatment to which they were assigned immediately before (initial credibility) and immediately after their first session (emergent credibility). Results indicated that before they were assigned to a treatment, clients rated CB treatment principle credibility higher than PI treatment principle credibility. After assignment, however, clients rated initial credibility similar regardless of whether they were assigned to CB or PI therapy, and their ratings of emergent credibility increased to a similar degree from immediately before to immediately after the first session in both treatments. Clients' endorsement of CB and PI treatment principle credibility predicted improvement in PI therapy but not improvement in CB therapy. Initial and emergent credibility of clients' assigned treatment predicted improvement for clients who received eight sessions of therapy, but not for clients who received 16 sessions of therapy. The implications of these findings are discus

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01489.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study tested the ability of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test (1984) to discriminate between patients with left and right temporal lobe lesions. Forty‐seven patients who had undergone unilateral temporal lobectomy (TL) (23 right‐ and 24 left‐sided operations) were tested on the two components of the test, recognition memory for words (RMW) and recognition memory for faces (RMF). The results show that the right TL group were significantly worse than the left TL group on RMF. Conversely, the left TL group were significantly worse on the RMW test, confirming earlier results relating to material‐specific deficits in long‐term memory following TL. The RMF test was relatively sensitive and specific in detecting significant impairments associated with right TL, but the RMW proved much less sensitive to the effects of left TL. RMW and RMF discrepancy scores were found not to discriminate well between the two groups of

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01490.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The accuracy of the 14‐item Italian version of the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (IDAS‐14) as a screening tool for depression among elderly people is evaluated and compared with the BDI. Results for the IDAS‐14 are most satisfactory, since high levels of both specificity (0.95) and sensitivity (0.89) may be obtained at a given cut‐off sco

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01491.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of spinal cord injury in childhood upon later psychological adjustment were investigated by comparing a group of 86 people injured as children with a control group (matched for time since injury and level of injury) of people injured as adults. It was hypothesized that adolescence is a crucial period in psychological development and that the effect of spinal cord injury on body image, self‐concept and social relationships during adolescence will have a long‐term negative effect on psychological well‐being. However, on overall measures of depression, self‐esteem and self‐perception, there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between paraplegics and tetraplegics, between men and women, or between those who were involved in a significant intimate relationship and those who were not. These findings support previous research which has suggested that organic variables, such as age at injury and level of injury, are not predictive of long‐term psychological

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01492.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Hot flushes and night sweats are one of the main symptoms accompanying the menopause, and are a main reason for seeking medical help at this time. This study of 61 women (reporting hot flushes once a week or more) investigates dimensions of subjective reporting using open questions and rating scales. Two separate factors were delineated using a principal component factor analysis ‐ frequency (of hot flushes and night sweats) and problem ratings (of distress, interference and perception of flushes as problematic) ‐ which had high test‐retest reliability. The frequency ratings correlated highly with prospective daily monitoring. Depressed mood, anxiety and low self‐esteem, but not frequency, discriminated between those who regarded flushes as problematic and those who did not. It is suggested that these two subjective measures should be used in assessment and in evaluation of hormonal and psychological interv

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01493.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY