摘要:

Clinical observation and retrospective studies have provided considerable information as to the nature of decompensation into acute schizophrenic illness. These themes have been further developed in studies designed to reduce overall exposure to neuroleptics whilst maintaining adequate prophylaxis against relapse. This review extracts from the literature information which could be harnessed to prevent, abort or ameliorate florid schizophrenic relapse. Emphasis is laid upon the coordination of psychological and medical approaches, describing in some detail both the theoretical background and practical intervention strategies in development, and exploring their implications for the role of clinical psychologists.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00994.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The efficacy of behavioural treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) has been well documented. However, severely depressed OCD patients showed fewer short‐ and long‐term benefits than less depressed patients. The present study tested the hypothesis that reduction of depression by imipramine prior to behaviour therapy would enhance the effects of behavioural therapy on depressed OC patients. Thirty‐eight patients were divided into highly and mildly depressed groups according to their scores on the Beck Depression Inventory; half of each group received imipramine and half received placebo for six weeks. All patients then received three weeks of daily behavioural treatment (exposure and response prevention) followed by 12 weekly sessions of supportive psychotherapy. Results indicated that although imipramine improved depressive symptoms in depressed patients, it did not affect OC symptoms. Behaviour therapy markedly reduced OC symptoms but, contrary to our hypothesis, imipramine did not potentiate the effects of behaviour therapy. No differences between highly depressed and mildly depressed patients on OC symptoms were found in their responses to behavioural or supportive

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00995.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sense of coherence (SOC) has been proposed as a psychological factor that predicts good health and positive adjustment. The three components of SOC: manageability, comprehensibility and meaning were assessed together with depression, hopelessness and self‐esteem as factors predicting future suicidal ideation and behaviour in parasuicides. One hundred and fifty hospitalized parasuicides were evaluated on these measures and followed up after six months to determine their current level of suicidal ideation and whether they had been readmitted for a further attempt or killed themselves in the intervening period. Suicidal ideation on admission was best predicted by a low score on the SOC meaning subscale and also significantly related to the other predictor variables. Suicidal ideation at the six‐month follow‐up was best predicted by the SOC subscales manageability and comprehensibility. These two SOC subscales also emerged as discriminators of suicidal behaviour over the six months following admission. Overall prediction of suicidal behaviour was enhanced by also including the background variables of age, a history of previous attempts, unemployment and whether the attempter was living alone. The study ends with a discussion of the importance of widening the focus when assessing and predicting suicidal risk to include not only predictions based on pathology but also psychological factors that promote adjus

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00996.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies are reported describing the development of a short‐form of the state scale of the Spielberger State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for use in circumstances where the full‐form is inappropriate. Using item–remainder correlations, the most highly correlated anxiety‐present and anxiety‐absent items were combined, and correlated with scores obtained using the full‐form of the STAI. Correlation coefficients greater than .90 were obtained using four and six items from the STAI. Acceptable reliability and validity were obtained using six items. The use of this six‐item short‐form produced scores similar to those obtained using the full‐form. This was so for several groups of subjects manifesting a range of anxiety levels. This short‐form of the STAI is therefore sensitive to fluctuations in state anxiety. When compared with the full‐form of the STAI, the six‐item version offers a briefer and just as acceptable scale for subjects while maintaining results that are comparable to those obtained using

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Stroop stimuli were used to measure the negative priming effect in eight positive and 10 negative schizophrenics, 21 depressive and 35 healthy control subjects in order to test hypotheses of insufficient versus persistent cognitive inhibition in schizophrenia. Data show that schizophrenics do not increase their response times to suppressor Stroop items compared to identical but neutral Stroop stimuli because the insufficiency of their inhibitory processes weakens the distractor‐suppression effect. However, pre‐exposure of the lexical distractor can compensate for insufficient inhibitory mechanisms in positive but not negative schizophrenics, suggesting more severe deterioration in the latter. Depressed subjects showed a slower development of cognitive inhibition. The results suggest important differences in the temporal evolution of inhibitory processes, and are discussed in terms of Hemsley's (1977) and Frith's (1979) theor

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00998.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A sample of 142 subjects free of neurological or psychiatric disorder were administered the National Adult Reading Test (NART) and a verbal fluency (VF) test. A highly significant correlation between the NART and VF was obtained indicating that premorbid ability should be taken into account when interpreting VF performance. A regression equation was built to estimate premorbid performance on VF from the NART. A highly significant difference between predicted and obtained VF was obtained in a sample of neurological patients (N= 38). For ease of use, a table converting NART errors to predicted VF scores is presented.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00999.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Outcome predictors of a cognitive behavioural group treatment for bulimia nervosa were examined. Pre‐treatment self‐esteem, binge frequency and ineffectiveness, but not duration of disorder, significantly predicted outcome on at least one measure (binge frequency or overall eating pathology) at post‐treatment and/or three‐month follow‐up. The results are related to previous studies and to theories of maintenance of the

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01000.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Eight subscales based on items drawn from the original 100‐item Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (Weissman&Beck, 1978) were developed as potential markers of specific cognitive vulnerabilities (Beck, 1987). Six of the eight subscales were correlated with both depression and anxiety symptom measures, indicating that the ‘vulnerabilities’ represented by these subscales are unlikely to be specific to depre

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01001.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Factor analysis was performed on a heterogeneous clinical sample of neurological patients. Both a two‐ and a three‐factor model were extracted. The two‐factor solution corresponded to Wechsler's categorization of verbal and performance subtests. The three‐factor solution suggested a verbal comprehension factor, a perceptual organization and a third factor with highest loadings on digit span, arithmetic and digit symbol. Both models were consistent with factor models obtained from the standardization sample. As has previously been reported in neurologically impaired samples, the third factor was relatively more prominent than in the standardization sample. This study provides further evidence for the robustness of the WAIS–R factor structure across different populations and gives good support for the use of the WAIS–R in British clini

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01002.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study focuses on the different representations of health, illness and medicines that are held by the population of the Basque Country. In addition, relationships between these representations and both coping strategies towards first symptoms of disease and health‐promoting actions were studied. Three different representations were found: (a) an active/‘against medicines' representation; (b) a ‘magical/promedicines’ representation; and (c) a representation that combines aspects of the previous representations. These representations were anchored in different social groups (defined by age, educational background, etc.) and were related to different coping strategies in the event of first symptoms of illness, and to differences in health‐promoting

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01003.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY