ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01013.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

After tracing the history of PTSD as a diagnosis and exemplifying its use among non‐European war veteran groups, this review article documents the size and characteristics of European war veteran populations and the known psychological, social and medical sequelae of war experience since 1918. Models of psychopathology vary markedly over time and between countries. Treatment practices owe more to sociopolitical and military expediency than systematic assessment of European veterans' needs and treatment outcomes. PTSD has not yet attained the pivotal status it enjoys in studies of American war veterans. Reasons for this are offered along with a proposal that recent European studies rightly highlight a broad spectrum of post‐war adjustment difficulties in which PTSD emerges as a process phenomenon with implications for prognosis and future care plann

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01014.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mental health services are organized and financed in very different ways across Europe; nevertheless there are a number of common trends and issues. In this paper we deal with some of those issues which influence the quality of services to those with long‐term and severe mental health problems and disabilities. The most obvious trend has been the rundown of psychiatric beds particularly in the large mental hospitals and this in its turn has given rise to the problem of providing alternative services. Throughout Europe people are striving, with mixed success, to establish new services that are community orientated, provide reasonable levels of clinical care with some continuity and coordination, and ensure that the individuals served have appropriate accommodation and day‐time activities. While there are some excellent services, there are even more services throughout Europe struggling to solve common problems. We have tried to draw some lessons from their effo

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01015.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Clinical psychology training in the United Kingdom (UK) and in the remainder of Europe differs in several respects; in particular, the latter allows for greater variability and clinical specialization with much more training taking place postqualification than in the UK; differences in content and in the balance between the supply of, and demand for, clinical psychologists also exist. These differences reflect employment arrangements and, to a lesser extent, the structure of higher education and legal regulation. Various current and predicted changes in health‐care systems and in the legal and educational context will probably lead to training in the UK and elsewhere in Europe becoming more similar in the years after 199

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01016.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The results of increased research into Expressed Emotion (EE) in Europe over the past five years reinforce the significance of the measure, show that it is not culturally specific and can be used with different carers including staff, and across different languages. This continuing and productive research is reviewed and new questions and issues are identified. In addition, outcome studies in schizophrenia, research in other conditions, intervention studies, methodological issues and theoretical aspects are focused on.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01017.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper first presents four different conceptualizations of social support: social integration, satisfying relationships, perceived helpfulness and enacted support. Then, classic and contemporary social comparison theory and social exchange theory are analysed as they are two theoretical perspectives that are particularly useful in understanding social support. These perspectives are employed to explain three seemingly paradoxical phenomena in the domain of social support: (1) the fact that support sometimes has negative effects; (2) the fact that the occurrence of stress itself can sometimes decrease the availability of support resources; and (3) the phenomenon that people believe that they give more support than they receive, and that there is more support available for them than for others.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01018.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although several studies on conditioning of the immune system in animals have been published, no comparable data on human research have been available in the past. The present paper presents results of conditioning studies in volunteers performed in two research centres, namely the University of Trier (Germany) and the University of Utrecht (The Netherlands). After administration of a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus: CS), subjects were injected with epinephrine (unconditioned stimulus) for three or four days (depending on study). Subcutaneous injection of epinephrine caused a rapid enhancement of the activity of natural killer cells (NKCA) in venous blood, which was chosen as the unconditioned response. On the test trial, when saline instead of epinephrine was injected, the Trier group found a conditional enhancement of NKCA. No changes in NKCA were found in the control subjects, who received saline injections on all days along with the CS. The Utrecht group tried to replicate these results using a slightly different design. After obtaining non‐confirmative results, the Utrecht experimenters tried to parallel the experimental settings of the Trier group as closely as possible. However, once again they failed to replicate the results of the Trier group. Possible reasons for the different results obtained in the two research groups are discusse

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01019.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

While the present objectives of cardiac rehabilitation include recovery or restoration of everyday behaviour and secondary prevention, the effects of the traditional exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation programmes are quite modest.It is argued that psychological interventions may affect these targets more easily, since there is evidence from controlled studies that psychological interventions may have beneficial effects on psychosocial recovery, compliance with medical advice and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. As a consequence one may expect that psychologists would be at least part‐time members of most cardiac rehabilitation teams in European countries.In order to get an impression of the position of psychologists and the share of psychosocial care in cardiac rehabilitation in Europe, a questionnaire was sent out to two or three individuals in each European country. Health care professionals from 16 European countries returned their completed questionnaires on time.Among other things, the results show that in general social workers and psychologists, who may be considered the main potential agents for psychosocial care, are largely underrepresented in cardiac rehabilitation teams.As far as psychologists are concerned, the number involved in cardiac rehabilitation varies significantly from country to country. Three groups of countries could be distinguished: a group consisting of The Netherlands, Austria, and Italy, where psychologists are fairly well represented; a second one consisting of Norway, Finland and Belgium, where small numbers of psychologists are involved in cardiac rehabilitation; and a third group (the largest) consisting of Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ireland, Sweden, the UK, Greece, Portugal and Turkey, where the number of psychologists is negligi

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01020.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four important health behaviours – dietary fat avoidance, regular exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption – were assessed by questionnaire, together with measures of risk awareness and beliefs about the importance of each behaviour for health, in comparable samples of young adults from eight countries: Belgium, England, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Portugal and Spain. Results from 3223 men and 3930 women were analysed. Substantial differences in the prevalence of behaviours were identified, but no country consistently showed the most or least healthy profile across behaviours. Women tended to smoke and drink less than men and attempted to avoid dietary fat to a greater extent, while men exercised more than women. Ratings of the importance of behaviours for health were high, while risk awareness showed wide variations, with lower scores from samples in southern and eastern Europe. Across countries, few associations were observed between the prevalence of behaviour and either mean belief ratings or risk awareness. However, in comparisons of people who did and did not perform each behaviour, beliefs were consistently associated with practice. In multiple regression, beliefs about the importance of the behaviour for health independently accounted for 11.3 per cent of the variance in exercise, 18.9 per cent of the variance in smoking and 4.5 per cent of the variance in alcohol consumption. The association between beliefs and dietary fat avoidance was also substantial. In contrast, the relationships between risk awareness and behaviour were mixed. People who avoided dietary fat were more aware than others of the health risks of fat. But non‐smokers were less aware than smokers of the risks of smoking, and people who drank regularly were more aware of the dangers of alcohol than were non‐drinkers. The results are discussed in the context of the contribution of health psychology to European health pr

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01021.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01022.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY