摘要:

Autistic children are frequently reported to show obsessions and compulsions. This terminology implies that such behaviours in autism are similar to those seen in obsessive—compulsive disorder. However, these autistic behaviours fail to satisfy the definitions of either obsessions or compulsions, because essential subjective data (relating to unwantedness, distress, resistance, senselessness and egodystonia) are not available in the case of autistic children. Recent cognitive evidence suggests that this is because autistic children are unable to contemplate or talk about their own mental states.Because of this state of insufficient evidence, it is suggested that the terms obsession and compulsion should be used with considerable caution to describe autistic behaviours. In this paper, the more descriptive term ‘repetitive activities’ is used. To gain a better understanding of such repetitive activities in autism, functional analyses are needed. Examples of such analyses are discussed, and predictions from a social‐cognitive deficit theory of repetitive activities are specifically considered. The paper aims to encourage research into this neglect

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb01369.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thirty couples, whose presenting complaint was general sexual unresponsiveness in the female partner, were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups: testosterone plus sexual counselling; placebo plus the same form of counselling; or testosterone alone. Therapy was time‐limited to 16 weeks, and assessments were conducted pre‐treatment, at the end of treatment and at a four‐month follow‐up.There were no notable differences in outcome between the two counselling groups, both of which showed significantly greater improvement on a number of measures of sexual and general interpersonal adjustment and attitude change than the group that received testosterone alone. Although a significant improvement with testosterone alone was found on ratings of vaginal lubrication, frequency of sexual interest and coital pleasure, significant changes on the same variables were also apparent in the other two groups. On no measure was testosterone alone shown to be significantly superior to either of the other two treatments.These results, in accordance with those of other recent related research, therefore indicate no significant advantages in using testosterone with an otherwise unselected sample of sexually unresponsiv

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb01370.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A category system for coding the interaction in psychotherapy (CIP) is presented. Six therapists carried out 64 standardized intake sessions with clients presenting with chronic insomnia. The sessions were fully coded by three raters using the CIP. The 19 client categories as well as the 18 therapist categories showed sufficient reliability with kappa coefficients of 0.80 and 0.79 respectively. The frequencies of the client and the therapist categories of the first versus the second half of the interview were compared. Shifts in the behavioural patterns of therapists and clients during the course of the interviews are in accordance with the given rationale of the session. Correlations between the observational data and subjective ratings of the participants are further evidence for the utility of the CIP.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb01371.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of mood on fear reduction was investigated in a laboratory study of fearful people. A musical mood‐induction technique was utilized to induce either a happy mood or a sad mood in 84 female university students fearful of spiders or snakes. Following the mood induction, subjects' fears were reduced by participant modelling. Measures of subjective fear and self‐efficacy were taken before and after mood induction, after modelling, and four weeks later. Compared to the induced sad‐mood condition, induced happiness was followed by a decrease in subjective fear and greater self‐efficacy. No difference was found in the length of time taken to reduce fear for happy and sad subjects. Fear reduction during a sad mood was associated with greater return of fear than fear reduction during a hap

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb01372.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

There are several reasons to suppose that sampling the contents of consciousness can affect patients' mood. In an attempt to explore the effect on state anxiety of inquiring about cognitions associated with dental anxiety, 90 patients waiting to see a dentist were asked about the content of their ideation. One group was asked whether they had ever experienced any of a list of negative thoughts, a second group any listed positive thoughts and a third group any listed neutral thoughts. As measured by the PARQ, the emotional and cognitive components of state anxiety were higher in the positive and negative conditions relative to the neutral condition, perhaps because patients' attempts to distract themselves were overridden by the investigator's inquiries.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb01373.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The assessment of very elderly people is hindered by a scarcity of normative and reliability data for non‐verbal memory tests. We tested the suitability of Warrington's Recognition Memory Test (RMT) for use with the elderly. The RMT consists of verbal (Recognition Memory for Words, RMW) and non‐verbal (Recognition Memory for Faces, RMF) subtests. The facial recognition test was used in the standard format and a Dutch‐language version of the word recognition test was developed using low frequency (10 or less/million) monosyllabic words. Eighty‐nine subjects, varying in age from 69 to 93, were tested with the RMF. Means and SD are provided for three age groups (69–79, 80–84 and 85–93). Forty‐five consecutive subjects were tested both with the RMW and the RMF. Recognition memory for words was better than recognition memory for faces in this sample. Moderate correlations (0.30–0.48) were found between RMT and WAIS Vocabulary and Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices scores. Warrington's RMT was well tolerated, even by very elderly adults. The standardization data for the elderly over 70 add to the usefulness of this test of verbal and non‐ver

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb01374.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three people with mental handicaps took part in a study which investigated the effects of various components of the DRI schedule on their levels of stereotyped behaviour. Three single‐case experiments were carried out each investigating a separate component. Results suggested that the reductive effects of DRI could not be attributed to either the density of reinforcement available or to the prompting component. The success of the schedule was primarily attributable to the non‐contingent interaction between the subject and the experimen

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb01375.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Nelson (1982) presented regression equations for the prediction of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) IQ from performance on the National Adult Reading Test (NART). In a cross‐validation sample (n= 151) these equations predicted 66, 72 and 33 per cent of the variance in WAIS Full Scale, Verbal and Performance IQ respectively. There were no ceiling or floor effects in the relationship between NART performance and WAIS IQ despite the wide IQ range of the sample. The standardization and cross‐validation samples were combined (n= 271) to generate new regression equations. These equations should be used in preference to the original equations as they are based on a larger sample with a wider IQ and age range. Combining NART and Schonell Graded Word Reading Test errors didnotimprove IQ prediction in poor readers. A detailed examination of the NART's test—retest and inter‐rater reliability was also co

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb01376.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of the study reported here was to build regression equations for the estimation of premorbid IQ from demographic variables in a UK population. Subjects (n= 151) free of neurological, psychiatric or sensory disability, were administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and had their demographic details recorded (age, sex, occupation and education). WAIS Full Scale (FSIQ), Verbal (VIQ), and Performance IQ (PIQ) were regressed on the demographic variables. The regression equations generated by this procedure predicted 50, 50, and 30 per cent of the variance in FSIQ, VIQ, and PIQ respectively. These equations should provide a convenient and useful supplement to psychometric estimates of premorbid IQ. Unlike psychometric estimates, demographic estimates areentirely independentof a patient's current cognitive status.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb01377.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Twenty‐seven patients underwent major abdominal surgery. Trait Anxiety and Type A personality were measured pre‐operatively, and plasma cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured pre‐, per‐ and post‐operatively. Anxiety correlated positively with noradrenaline but negatively with cortisol and adrenaline. Type A also showed opposite correlations with adrenaline and nora

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb01378.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY