摘要:

A description of an emerging paradigm is presented which places emphasis upon secondary prevention in psychosis. It is argued that the first two or three years following a first episode of psychosis is a crucial period for high‐quality psychosocial and biological interventions and a time slot which may influence recovery and long‐term outcome. Factors contributing to long‐term outcome as possible areas for secondary prevention are rev

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01206.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The clinical relevance of the meaning in life construct is examined by evaluating its ability to predict patients' general and psychological well‐being and their post‐treatment functioning. Evidence is obtained for the notion that meaning in life (a) would affect both positive and negative aspects of well‐being, (b) that it would be related to improvement during psychotherapy, and (c) that it would predict the outcome of psychotherapy, independently of patients' pre‐treatment levels of well‐being. The findings not only support the clinical relevance of the meaning in life concept, but they also favour the construct validity of the Life Regard Index, an instrument that was designed to measure the relevant construct. It is concluded that the neglected meaning in life issue deserves greater therapeutic and scientific consideration. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01207.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One hundred and eight survivors of trauma attending a stress clinic were assessed on measures of coping, personality, control expectancies and psychological distress. The psychometric characteristics of these questionnaires are discussed, and the relationships between them investigated using correlational and regression techniques. Although cross‐sectional studies can only be indicative, it would appear that most coping strategies, and particularly escape‐avoidance, are consistently associated with high psychological distress, with the exception of positive reappraisal and distancing, which are the only strategies associated with better psychological outcome. It may be that deeply distressed survivors cannot find effective ways of obtaining relief, and therefore report many ways of trying to c

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01208.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Treatment for male factor sub‐fertility is limited, with low increases in pregnancy rate. Couples attending a male sub‐fertility clinic are provided with prognostic information and advised about treatment options. This study aimed to examine the influence of clinic attendance on male sub‐fertility patients' expectations of their partners becoming pregnant. Data were collected on 103 male sub‐fertility clinic attenders before and after clinic consultation. Patients' mood and expectations of their partners achieving a pregnancy were recorded and compared with the consultant's expectations. Before consultation, patients expected that following the clinic visit their chance of pregnancy would be increased. Post‐consultation, their perceptions of their chances of pregnancy were often inaccurate and were more influenced by their own expectations than by the consultant's view. There was no overall correlation between anxiety or depression and estimation of achieving a pregnancy. The clinical implications of these findings are

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01209.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Schwab‐Gilleard Depression Scale is a short self‐report index for assessing depression in elderly people. The aim of this study is to investigate the psychometric properties of this device with particular reference to its reliability, criterion validity and ability to discriminate depression from dementia. The total sample comprised 166 elderly people living in Part III residential homes in south‐west London. For 111 of these, the Schwab‐Gilleard Depression Scale (SGDS), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), the Short‐Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE), and the Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly (CAPE) were completed. The GDS and CAPE only were completed with the remaining 55 participants. Psychiatric diagnoses were available from the medical notes on each resident. In addition, a subsample of 49 had been assessed using the SGDS and CARE 14 months previously. These data were available for test‐retest analyses. The self‐rating SGDS was found to be a reliable and valid measure of depression and is recommended for use as a screening tool for depression in elderly people in resi

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01210.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship of obsessive‐compulsive symptomatology to anxiety disorders, mood disorders and schizophrenia continues to be controversial. In a sample of 117 psychiatric out‐patients, we examined the relationship of obsessive‐compulsive symptomatology to indices of anxiety, depression and schizotypy. The relationship between obsessive‐compulsive symptomatology and schizotypy was found to be significantly higher than that between obsessive‐compulsive symptoms and either anxiety or depression. These findings are consistent with recent studies suggesting that there are similar cognitive deficits associated with obsessive‐compulsive symptoms and schizotypy and that obsessive‐compulsive disorders may be more closely aligned to the schizophrenic constellation of disorders than to anxi

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01211.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The ability of the National Adult Reading Test (NART; Nelson&Willison, 1991) and the revised NART (NART‐R; Crawford, 1990) to estimate IQ was examined in a healthy sample (N= 47) using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Revised (WAIS‐R) scores as the criterion. Mean estimated IQs from the NART‐R were not significantly different from the WAIS‐R Full Scale and Performance IQ, but the NART‐R significantly overestimated Verbal IQ by 2.5 points. Nelson&Willison's (1991) NART equations significantly overestimated Full Scale and Verbal IQ by 5.3 and 5.5 IQ points respectively. The NART‐R had significantly higher correlations with Full Scale and Verbal IQ

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01212.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Dieting among adolescent girls has become commonplace. Research indicates that dietary restraint may have a functional effect for adolescents similar to that which operates with adults (i.e. high restrainers counter‐regulate following disinhibition). The present study investigated the interaction effects of dietary restraint and state anxiety in 13‐year‐old and 16‐year‐old girls. The distribution of restraint scores indicated that both age groups contained girls from every level of restraint. Analysis of the total consumption data indicated that only the 16‐year‐old group counter‐regulated in response to the disinhibiting high anxiety condition. Analyses of the type of food consumed (forbidden food/permitted food) revealed counter‐regulation for both age groups for some of the forbidden foods. In the 16‐year‐old group, the effects were more pervasive. No significant effects were found in the permitted food category. The implications of this eating be

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01213.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of self‐monitoring on the reduction of inappropriate social and stereotypic behaviour was investigated. Participants were three men and two women with mild to moderate learning disabilities. A multiple baseline design across participants was used. Participants were taught to monitor and record the frequency of their inappropriate behaviours. No extrinsic reinforcement was used throughout the study. Assessments of language ability and functional significance of behaviours were made. Significant reductions in target behaviours for all participants were observed. The findings suggest that individuals with learning disabilities have the potential to use self‐regulatory procedures to control their behaviour with a minimum of external intervention. The implications of language development and functional covariation of behaviours are discus

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01214.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ; Raine, 1991) was administered to 100 volunteer undergraduates; the 20 with the highest and the 20 with the lowest scores were selected for further study. They undertook a shadowing task in which two passages of prose were presented simultaneously and binaurally, being distinguishable only by their content. Participants were required to repeat (shadow) one of the passages and to ignore the other (the distractor). Performance of the two groups differed with participants having high scores on the SPQ showing a significantly greater tendency to make intrusion errors (to repeat words from the distractor passage). It is suggested that schizotypy is characterized by a dysfunction in the normal response‐selection mechanism of attention with the consequence that the response bias established by the semantic content of the input is insufficiently selective, extending to items that are only distantly associated with those present in the inpu

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01215.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY