摘要:

This review seeks to familiarize clinicians with several major theoretical perspectives on the relationship between bulimia nervosa and depression. It begins by clarifying the affective changes which occur within the binge‐purge cycle. Six hypotheses relating negative affect to bulimia nervosa are then reviewed in light of these changes, with their strengths, weaknesses and clinical implications clearly outlined. The author concludes that, although none of these perspectives has received universal support, recent hypotheses which focus upon specific portions of the binge‐purge cycle are best suited to integration. These include the restraint, escape and hopelessness hypotheses. An integrative model is proposed to account for data across the binge—purge cycle, to assist in understanding the maintenance of bulimia nervosa, and to guide clinical interve

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01123.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A growing amount of evidence suggests that the generally accepted division of schizophrenic symptomatology into positive and negative aspects should be extended to include a third major aspect, namely ‘disorganization/social impairment’. As schizotypy can be seen as the non‐pathological counterpart of schizophrenia, possibly brought about by the same ‘schizotaxic’ predisposition(s), it might be expected that the multidimensionality of schizotypy would reflect the tripartite structure seen in schizophrenia. Although the data from studies using scales to measure schizotypy do not clearly support this view, this is mainly because of the relative lack of comparability among the scales used in different studies. Results from the present study, which involve the factor analysis of items rather than scales derived from the testing of a large and diverse population of normal subjects, does, however, support the view that measures of schizotypy may be grouped in a parallel way to symptoms shown by populations of schizophrenic subjects. The suggestion may thus be made that the symptom groupings shown by schizophrenics may be seen as primary and not the secondary result of reactions to earlier phases of the illness. The role of sex and age in the determination of scores on schizotypic dimensions is also examined and show that the sex and age differences found in subdiagnostic categories in schizophrenia are reflected in dimensions of s

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01124.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper explores the relationship between a new assertiveness measure (the Scale for Interpersonal Behaviour – SIB), social comparison and submissive behaviour. The paper investigates these measures in relation to the personality traits of neuroticism and introversion. Findings suggest: (a) that social comparison may be an important variable in assertiveness and submissive behaviour and shows a strong relationship to neuroticism and introversion; (b) that submissive behaviour is not the mirror opposite of assertive behaviour; and (c) submissive behaviour seems more strongly associated with introversion and neuroticism than assertive performanc

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01125.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The differential processing of threatening information in anxious patients is now well established, but there has been little attention to situational variation in information processing. A review of the experimental literature suggests that agoraphobics should show interference in the performance of the modified Stroop task for threat words and that this interference should increase in phobic situations. In the present study, agoraphobics and normal controls carried out the Stroop task either in a safe setting or a public place. Agoraphobics showed greater interference with threat words but this interference was not affected by setting. The implications of this result are considered.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01126.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Parasuicides (N=18) were compared with matched controls (N=18) on their subjective probability judgements for nine future, negative, self‐relevant events. Prior to the probability judgements, subjects were asked to think of reasons why the events would or would not happen. The ease with which they were able to think of reasons was assessed by time taken to think of the first reason, number of different reasons given in 90 seconds and a subjective rating of difficulty. Relative to controls, parasuicides judged negative events to be more likely. They also showed evidence of finding it more difficult to think of why those events mightnothappen, but were no different from controls in their ability to think of reasons why the eventswouldhappen. The effect of thinking of reasons against negative events happening was to reduce the pessimism of parasuicides. It is suggested that parasuicide subjects may not actively anticipate future negative outcomes, but when presented with the possibilities, they judge them to be likely because of an inability to think of positive aspects of themselves or their circumstances which would prevent those events happenin

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01127.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous research indicates that use of cognitive coping strategies in high risk situations is positively correlated with smoking cessation maintenance. Basic research on self‐control of unwanted thoughts, however, suggests that mental coping efforts involving thought suppression should be ineffective. We evaluated this possibility by rescoring the articulated thoughts transcripts of 95 subjects from a one‐year prospective study of smoking relapse (Haaga, 1989). Frequent use of cognitive coping tactics for reframing high risk situations (e.g. reminding oneself of negative consequences of smoking) predicted greater likelihood of continuous abstinence in the following three months (49 per cent success for those above the sample median, 20 per cent for those below the median). This effect was marginally significant at a 12‐month follow‐up. By contrast, thought suppression showed no association with maintenance of non‐smoking. Discussion focused on complications in applying laboratory research on thought suppression and on reanalysis of cognitive assessment

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01128.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The dementias and strokes are chronic conditions often occurring at older ages. Most sufferers are cared for at home and, in this context, many research studies have described high levels of stress experienced by their carers. The present study, looking mainly at spouse carers of stroke victims (N= 36) or older confused people (N =37), examined the possibility that the ways in which carers cope may be associated with their levels of stress and depression. A number of measures of behaviour disturbance and coping were developed and utilized. Multiple regression analyses supported the involvement of some aspects of coping in relation to carer stress and depression, particularly the coping strategy of Non‐confronting and a Quality of Coping index—the former being positively and the latter negatively associated with stress and depression. Implications for intervention work with carers of stroke victims or carers of older confused people are discus

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01129.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study examined the effects of mood shift on a behavioural measure to investigate an ongoing question in the mood induction literature: Whether changes in performance following laboratory based mood induction procedures reflect genuine changes in affective state, or whether such changes can be generally attributed to the demand characteristics of the experimental situation. Prior to mood induction 40 subjects were assessed on self‐spaced and maximal performance articulation tasks. Following mood induction articulation rates were again recorded. It was hypothesized that while there is considerable scope for experimental demands to influence self‐paced tasks, by contrast maximal performance tasks should either reduce or eliminate demand characteristics. The results indicated that maximal articulation rate was sensitive to mood induction in that performance was retarded by the depressogenic procedure and accelerated by the elation‐inducing procedure. Additionally, within‐subject changes in speech rates correlated with conventional self‐report measures of affective state. Interestingly, the speeded task appeared more sensitive to the mood manipulation than the self‐paced task where demand characteristics had been expected to exert their greatest effect. It is concluded that these results corroborate the view that laboratory based induction procedures do promote true affective change and indicate that the speeded articulation task constitutes an effective indicator of

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01130.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Data from a treatment trial were used to test whether interference with colour‐naming eating, shape and weight related words on the Stroop colour‐naming task changed with treatment. Interference decreased with treatment and there was no difference between three treatments in the size of this effect. These findings suggest that interference with colour‐naming words related to eating, shape and weight in subjects with bulimia nervosa may be a useful objective measure of patients' concerns about these i

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01131.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS) is widely used, particularly in the preparation of court reports, to derive information on the memory, suggestibility and confabulation of criminal suspects, victims and witnesses. The inter‐rater reliability of all these measures was assessed by three raters, using the data of 101 subjects who were tested on the parallel form of the scale (GSS2). The intra‐class correlation coefficients for all the memory and suggestibility measures were both very high (.951‐.996) and highly significant (p<.001 for all measures), indicating a high level of inter‐rater reliability. In contrast, whilst still highly significant (p<.001), the correlations for confabulation on immediate and delayed recall were much lower (.724 and .803, respectively). Guidelines are provided to refine the scoring of memory and suggestibility and to clarify the definition of confab

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01132.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY