摘要:

We present an account of two influential approaches to the unconscious; those of Freud and of cognitive science. It is argued that although Freud's ideas require updating in some respects, in other ways many of them have stood the test of time. We describe the similarities and differences between the two approaches and the attention each pays to innate cognitive and emotional competencies. Finally, we provide a contemporary cognitive account of the unconscious that attempts to combine the best of both approaches within an information‐processing framewor

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00951.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The ‘schizotypal personality’ (STA) and ‘borderline personality’ (STB) scales of the STQ were administered to two groups: normal subjects who had completed the questionnaire on a previous occasion, four years earlier, and a ‘clinical’ sample, consisting of members of a self‐help support group for people who at some time in the past had been psychiatrically diagnosed as suffering from a psychotic illness, mainly schizophrenia. As predicted, the latter had significantly higher scores than controls on both STQ scales, certain items also being particularly discriminating. Within the control group a test‐retest analysis revealed correlations which, depending on scale and gender, were around .60. It was concluded that the STQ is a valid measure of psychotic traits and that scores on the questionnaire have good long‐term stability. The results are discussed against the background, and in support of, a continuity

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00952.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent reviews have suggested an association between discipline experienced in childhood and the development of later psychopathology. As part of a longitudinal study of the health and development of a large sample of New Zealand children, maternal reports of strict and inconsistent discipline were obtained when the sample members were aged 7 and 9 years. It was found that inconsistency was associated with early behaviour problems, but strictness was not. At age 15 years the prevalence of DSM‐III disorders in the sample was established. Univariate analyses showed significant associations between inconsistency and low levels of strictness with externalizing disorder. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that in the presence of other predictor variables including childhood problem behaviour, these associations only approached significance. However, when the two ratings were combined, rates of disorder for those who experienced more relaxed and inconsistent discipline were double the rates found in the sample remainder. No significant association was found between discipline and internalizing disorde

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00953.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A one in two alternate sample (N= 200) from a population‐based register of 411 people with multiple sclerosis (MS) was studied. Out of this sample, 147 people with MS and 34 people with rheumatoid arthritis were interviewed at home and completed a battery of neuropsychological tests. Cognitive impairment was found in 46 per cent of those with MS, with memory impairment in 34 per cent and failure on tests of frontal lobe function in 33 per cent. Physical disability was associated with cognitive impairment. Memory impairment was more common in those who had had MS for 10 years or more. A significant minority of people with mild physical disability and some who had had MS for less than a decade nevertheless had cognitive impairment. Relationships between cognitive impairment, other disease variables and psychosocial factors were examined. Counselling and rehabilitation programmes for people with MS and their families should take account of cognitive deficits that may be presen

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00954.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this article we describe a patient who developed amnesia several years after receiving a second course of radiotherapy treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). Detailed assessment of memory indicated a marked anterograde impairment for verbal material with less impaired non‐verbal memory. A dense retrograde deficit was also present, reflected in both poor event memory and loss of general knowledge. Performance on other tests indicated a mild intellectual deficit but no other cognitive impairments. The findings indicate a striking memory disorder arising from late temporal lobe necrosis. These findings stress the importance of assessing neuropsychological sequelae when evaluating the long‐term outcome of radiotherapy for NPC and other cancers of the head and n

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00955.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Place&Gilmore (1980) proposed that schizophrenic patients are deficient in the perceptual organization of visual stimuli. According to their theory, the patients should be less influenced by global characteristics of visual displays. In the present experimental approach, 24 schizophrenics, 12 alcoholics and 24 healthy controls were asked to identify the number of lines presented for 23 ms on a video screen. In one condition, the stimuli were identical to those used by Place&Gilmore: up to six lines were shown at the corners of an imaginary hexagon; all lines were either in the same direction (‘homogeneous’) or differed in orientation (‘heterogeneous’). In another condition the lines appeared at 10 different positions within the same field. The results of Place&Gilmore were not replicated; schizophrenics were only less influenced than the control group by different directions of the lines when three lines were presented. When more lines were presented, schizophrenics had the same advantage from homogeneity as the controls. If the basic configuration was a hexagon and six lines were presented, schizophrenics were able to profit very strongly from the global Gestalt. In summary, global characteristics of the visual displays do not facilitate visual information processing by schizophrenics as they do in the case of controls. However, if the basic Gestalt properties are strong enough, schizophrenics can take advantage of it. Thus the deficit of schizophrenics described by Place&Gilmore is relative and not a

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00956.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes the treatment of a case of mutism in Saxon England. The shaping procedure employed was similar to that reported in modern behaviour modification studies. The paper quotes from a seventh century papal letter showing an understanding of the principle of shaping as applied to populations.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00957.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines patterns of psychological adjustment in a small sample of asymptomatic HIV antibody positive men. Comparison is made with data available on male cancer patients. HIV positive men reported greater degrees of anxious preoccupation and hopelessness, and lower levels of the more adaptive ‘fighting spirit’ response. In HIV‐infected men, depression correlated positively with frequency of high risk sexual prac

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00958.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Bereaved and non‐bereaved children made drawings of a person, themselves, their family, and a topic of their choice; the drawings were then analysed to investigate whether the experience of bereavement was expressed in drawing in any reliable way. Bereaved children were no more likely than non‐bereaved children to include indicators of emotional disturbance in their human figure drawings. Bereaved children, however, were reliably more likely than non‐bereaved children to include themselves in a drawing of their f

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00959.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Reminiscing as a technique of group psychotherapy for severely depressed hospitalized patients was found by patients and staff to be more efficacious than the traditional reflective non‐directive group psychotherapy approach. The therapeutic potential of reminiscing in combatting depressed mood was supported by the present findings. The suitability of reminiscing to the difficult task of handling groups of severely depressed hospitalized patients was demonstrate

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00960.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY