摘要:

The two studies reported in this paper investigated the hypothesis that an important determinant of clients' therapeutic expectations is to be found in the match between therapists' and clients' locus of control. The first study was an analogue study employing role plays, conducted with a sample of 67 clients. The second study investigated 78 clients in real clinical settings. Both studies investigated the effect of matched vs. mismatched cognitive styles on clients' expectations. Results from both studies support the hypothesis that the more similar the control orientations of therapist and client, the more favourable the client's expectations. Limitations of the studies and the possible implications of the research findings are discussed.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00692.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study evaluated the effects of placebo medication on pulmonary responses in asthmatics, and investigated the roles of expectancy and anxiety. Twelve adult asthmatics were recruited for a laboratory experiment described as a study of the effectiveness of a new bronchodilator. Distilled nebulized water was inhaled in each session. The solution was described as water in session 1 (control), while in sessions 2 and 3 subjects were told that the nebulizer contained a chemical likely to cause chest tightness and wheezing (bronchoconstrictive suggestion). Prior to the inhalation sequence in sessions 2 and 3, subjects inhaled from an aerosol that they were told contained either a powerful new drug (placebo) or a non‐active substance (neutral). Pulmonary function was measured with the forced oscillation technique and spirometry, while autonomic parameters, anxiety and expectancies were also monitored. Pulmonary function deteriorated following the inhalations accompanied by bronchoconstrictive suggestion, and this effect was abolished by pre‐treatment with placebo. Neither subject expectations nor changes in anxiety were associated with the experimental manipulations. The implications of these results for theories of placebo action are conside

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00693.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thirty‐seven problem drinkers with problems of low to moderate severity were randomly allocated to two groups, one receiving ‘ minimal’ treatment of three or four sessions' assessment and advice, and the other ‘ intensive’ treatment of one or more of a selection of individually tailored, cognitive–behavioural therapies lasting an average of 91 sessions. The two groups were followed up an average of 15.5 months after termination of treatment. Analysis of covariance revealed that the intensive group reduced consumption significantly more than the minimal group. Also, the intensive group showed a significantly greater increase in the number of days abstinent in the month prior to follow‐up. Analysis of covariance also showed that, in spite of their small numbers (n= 7), women increased their days abstinent by a significantly greater amount and reported a significantly greater reduction in number of days drinking between 10 and 20 units. Overall, successful outcome was associated with higher pre‐treatment employment and higher alcohol consumption although, given the large numbers of measures, these findings could have occ

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00694.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A comparison was made between sets of psychometric variables [the Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly (CAPE)] and personal socio‐demographic variables in predicting the outcome of psychogeriatric day care. Two groups of elderly patients referred for day care were investigated: 40 new admissions to a psychogeriatric day centre and 63 new admissions to psychogeriatric day hospitals. Discriminant function analysis was employed to compare the classification accuracy obtained from the personal socio‐demographic variables and the CAPE psychometric data. The results demonstrated the incremental validity of the CAPE in predicting outcome of day care in both settings and support the routine use of such brief measures as appropriate screening procedures in these setti

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00695.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three cognitive approaches to depression are reviewed in terms of recent advances in cognitive psychology. The approaches considered are those based on associative networks, schemata, and explanatory styles. It is argued that each of these approaches has significant limitations that can be overcome if they are replaced by the theory of mental models (Johnson‐Laird, 1983). A number of specific advantages for this theory are outlined and the basis is provided for a new cognitive approach to depressio

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00696.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An utterance's intended meaning may be the same or different at six conceptually distinct levels. Level 0 is the speaker's literal meaning – the conventional meaning of the words as used by the speaker. Level 1 is the speaker's occasion meaning – the pragmatic, on‐record intended meaning. Level 2 is the hint level – intended to be recognized as intended, but off‐record. Level 3 is the manipulation level – intended to be understood by the hearer but not to appear as intended by the speaker. Level 4 is the secret or deception level – meanings that underlie an utterance yet are not meant to be recognized. And level 5 is the subconscious or self‐deception level ‐ meanings that underlie an utterance but are not fully known even to the speaker. These distinctions are advanced as an aid to precision in theory and research on verbal communication in psychotherapy and interperso

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00697.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One hundred and seven elderly female in‐patients with confirmed or suspected diagnoses of dementia were assessed by the Paired‐Associate Learning Test (PALT), and the Cognitive Assessment Scale (CAS) and Behaviour Rating Scale (BRS) of CAPE. Eighteen months later, 62 patients were still alive. These had significantly better scores on the ‘ easy’ set of PALT and on BRS than the non‐survivors; the differences on the ‘ mediate’ and ‘ hard’ sets, and on CAS, while in the predicted direction, wer

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00698.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To assess the inter‐scorer reliability of the scoring of errors on the Pm (Maze) test of the Cognitive Assessment Scale (CAS) of CAPE, 100 mazes were scored by each of four scorers. Inter‐scorer agreement was found to be too low to justify the Pm test being used clinically as an independent measure. When Pm was summed with Information‐Orientation and Mental Ability to produce a total CAS score, the effect of this low agreement was greatly reduced, but still affected the CAS grades of approximately 7 per cent of cases. This is a high proportion to result from scoring differences on an objective test, and suggests that more adequate scoring instructions are req

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00699.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The presentation of repertory grid data in the form of three‐dimensional (3‐D) graphs is offered as an ergonomic means of communicating complex data to the patient. Graph papers for manual plotting of 3‐D graphs are reviewed. A program written in BASIC is described which enables automated plotting of such graphs on microcomputer systems with conventional pri

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00700.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Patients with hysterical sensory symptoms can often be detected because they give significantly fewer correct responses with forced choice testing than would be expected on a chance basis. It is always possible that such a patient may see through this strategy and respond within the range associated with chance. This report describes one such subject together with an elaboration of the forced choice technique which strongly indicated that his symptoms had no organic basis.

ISSN:0144-6657    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00701.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY