摘要:

AbstractTwo methods are available for measuring hearing acuity in animals. One is the conditioning or training method, along the lines developed by Pavlov (for example, see Andreyev, 1936). To test an animal's hearing acuity by this procedure, one must condition the animal to respond to tone stimuli of threshold value with some definite activity, such as opening a food box. This procedure is really not very different from clinical hearing tests in man, in which the subject is required, for example, to press a key when he hears a sound. The second method is the electrical, described by Wever and Bray (1930). Both methods have been applied separately to normal animals and to animals with defective hearing. A complete understanding of the relation of deafness to abnormalities of the hearing mechanism requires a combination of the two methods on the same animal, followed by microscopic studies of the anatomical abnormalities underlying the loss of function. We have been engaged upon such a study for the past year, and, although experiments are still in progress, the results so far obtained are sufficient to warrant presentation.

ISSN:0023-852X    

DOI:10.1288/00005537-193707000-00001

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1937

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOur immediate program at the Animal Hearing Laboratory, University of Illinois, consists in mapping the resonant foci of the cochlea, the acoustic pathways of the medial geniculate bodies and the sensory termini of the auditory cortex.

ISSN:0023-852X    

DOI:10.1288/00005537-193707000-00002

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1937

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExperiments† have been performed which aim to throw light upon the mechanism by which the nerve endings in Corti's organ are stimulated. The physiological stimulus of the cochlea consists in dynamic air pressure changes which are transformed into vibrations of the intralabyrinthine fluid. Since static pressure changes are easier to analyze, they were studied first. The displacement of the intralabyrinthine fluid due to static pressure changes in the outer acoustic canal and in the middle ear cavity was measured by the following method:A tube was inserted into the outer acoustic meatus of a rabbit and made airtight. A second tube was fixed into the middle ear, and this opening was also firmly closed. Both tubes were connected with a syringe in which changes in pressure could be produced. A second connection was made with a manometer, by means of which the pressures were measured. The inner ear of the animal was opened and a tiny glass capillary was inserted. By an optical system the meniscus was visualized on a screen; movements of the meniscus due to changes in pressure in either the middle or the outer ear could be observed fairly accurately (see Fig. 1

ISSN:0023-852X    

DOI:10.1288/00005537-193707000-00003

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1937

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe potentials that can be recorded from the cochlea or contiguous structures when sound impinges on the ear have been shown to arise from the cochlea and to be distinct from the action potentials present in the auditory nerve and tract.1,2.The particular structures within the cochlea which are concerned in their production and the manner in which they are produced is still undetermined. The small or absent response from cats and guinea pigs with ear infections or with congenital deficiencies in the internal ear has led to the view that the potentials are dependent on the organs of Cortl.3,4The extensive pathology present in the internal ear of these animals, however, would appear to make it difficult or impossible to ascribe the deficiency to any particular feature of the abnormality. It has, moreover, been found that, in guinea pigs at least, structural integrity of the organs of Corti is not necessarily related to cochlear response.5Further evidence for this will be given in the present communication.

ISSN:0023-852X    

DOI:10.1288/00005537-193707000-00004

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1937

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe technical difficulties involved in an investigation of this kind invariably make the information obtained rather insignificant in relation to the amount of time and effort put forth. Experiments must be repeated many times before a dependable method can be developed, and even then an inevitably high mortality in the experimental animals persists Before consistent success can normally be achieved. The data upon which the following observations are based represents a series of chronic experiments carried out in the Laboratory of Otological Research at the Johns Hopkins in 1934, 14 in number, and a subsequent extensive investigation during the past year in the Otological Research Laboratory of the Abington Memorial Hospital. In the first group, partial and graded division of the auditory nerve was carried out under high binocular magnification. In all experiments partial or complete division of the nerve was considered successful only if the blood supply of the cochlea remained intact.

ISSN:0023-852X    

DOI:10.1288/00005537-193707000-00005

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1937

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis will be a valuable meeting if it does nothing more than direct your attention to the extent and complexity of the auditory apparatus and leads you to think of the ear as something more than the tympanic membrane, Eustachian tube, ossicles, mastoid and cochlea. The otologist is the expert who is depended on to recognize and treat the disorders of the ear; we are reasonably successful with the acute and chronic suppurations but know very little about the cause, the recognition or the treatment of impaired hearing. Hearing acuity plays an important part in economic and social life, and the fact that so little is known about deafness should fire every otologist with the ambition and determination to aid in the advance of this branch of his profession. Before the otologist can do his part, however, he must have special instruction in the embryology, anatomy, physiology and pathology of the ear and its central pathways. A national move in this direction is indicated by the higher standards imposed each year by the American Board of Otolaryngology. We, as otologists, must be able to visualize and think of the hearing apparatus as a whole: the structures in the temporal bone, the auditory pathways in the brain stem and cortex, the relation of these pathways to other nerves and, finally, the association fibres which connect the temporal lobe with other parts of the brain. As our scientific knowledge advances, new methods for clinical examination will be devised. Advance will come more rapidly if the young otologist is properly trained; if he is encouraged to show an interest in deaf patients and the cause of deafness; if he will keep himself informed about the newer instruments of precision and employ standardized methods for testing the hearing, so that his results may be compared and pooled with the experiences of others. A move toward the standardization of tests was made by this Society, in 1936, when the report on Methods of Testing the Hearing by Bone Conduction was presented at the Detroit meeting. The electrical method of study, introduced by Wever and Bray, and the experiments on conditioned animals are most important and stimulating. The ultimate object of all experimental work on the ear, however, is to suggest new ideas to the clinician, who, after all, is the most important link in the chain.

ISSN:0023-852X    

DOI:10.1288/00005537-193707000-00006

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1937

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractI would like to emphasize that the psychologic reaction of an individual to a given situation depends much more on the individual to a given situation depends much more on the individual than it does on the specific situation. John Brown will respond differently to a certain set of circumstances than will James Smith. The reasons for the difference in responses result from the differences in the personalities of Brown and Smith; therefore, it is somewhat misleading to speak of the psychological aspects of deafness, as though deafness in itself were possessed of a psychology and could be depended upon to provide the same sort of reaction in everyone whom it touched. Some of us behave thus and so as the result of the loss of a limb, or the sudden accumulation of wealth; while others exhibit entirely different patterns of behavior under similar conditions. The personality of each human being is an exceedingly complex thing, and no two personalities are exactly the same. It is this personality of ours with which we attempt to adjust to life, to find contentment, to achieve a measure of success. Because our personalities are so varied, our efforts to adjust are laid along different lines. What is desirable to one individual is unimportant to the next. Each of us measures happiness in his own terms; and likewise, disappointment, frustration, and unhappiness are interpreted and evaluated by people in manners characteristic of themselves.

ISSN:0023-852X    

DOI:10.1288/00005537-193707000-00007

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1937

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTreatment of osteomyelitis of the cranial vault has been more or less of a hit‐and‐miss affair until the last few years, so far as operative measures are concerned. The mortality rate was very high. The good results which have been obtained by surgeons who have boldly extirpated the full thickness of the skull well beyond the disease speak for themselves. They are so much better than those previously obtained. This mode of attack on the diseased bone was not advocated until about 23 years ago, and was not seriously carried out until during the last decade. Even now it is not generally appreciated. McKcnzie advocated this procedure in his first famous contribution in 1913, and stated that “Once progressive osteomyelitis has set in, the only chance of saving the patient lies in immediate and entire removal of the diseased bone. We can scarcely hope to cure diffuse osteomyelitis by simple drainage, hence limited and partial measures, such as incisions, trephining, etc., are useless.” It is remarkable how long it has taken this idea to permeate our own ment

ISSN:0023-852X    

DOI:10.1288/00005537-193707000-00008

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1937

数据来源: WILEY