摘要:

Since ‘middle molecule’ (MM) hypothesis was formulated and despite the extensive studies in this field, results are still confusing concerning the role of so-called MM in uremic toxicity. In this review we summarize the multiple works that tend to correlate the major uremic symptoms with some substances known to accumulate in uremia, and more particularly the symptoms in which MM have been postulated to play a p

ISSN:1660-8151    

DOI:10.1159/000182870

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

6 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome were investigated during clinical relapse to examine the interrelation between distal urinary acidification and urinary sodium excretion. Blood and urine studies were initiated 4 h after completion of ammonium chloride loading, prior to and following the intravenous administration of furosemide. Values for plasma bicarbonate before and after furosemide administration were not significantly different. In the control periods, when urinary sodium excretion was very low, a defect in urinary acidification was demonstrated (UpH : 6.09 ± (SD) 0.27; UTAV and UNHV: 12.6 ± 3.1 and 36.4 ± 15.8 µmol/min/1.73 m2, respectively.) Following furosemide-induced natriuresis UpHfell to 4.81 ± 0.25 (p < 0.0005), and UTA2V and UNH4V increased to 46.3 ± 15.8 and 125.6 ± 49.5 µmol/min/1.73 m2, respectively (p < 0.002). No overall correlation existed between urinary acidity, both considered as hydrogen ion concentration and as hydrogen ion excretion, and rate of urinary sodium excretion; but significant correlations were present between hydrogen ion concentration in the urine and both UC1V-UNaV (r = 0.38, p < 0.05), and UC1V – (UNaV + UkV) (r = 0.64, p < 0.01). These results indicate that the defect in distal urinary acidification observed in nephrotic syndrome is probably due to decreased delivery of sodium to the distal nephron. The enhanced secretion of hydrogen ion observed after furosemide administration may be related both to increased sodium delivery and to greater sodium than chloride reabsorption in the collec

ISSN:1660-8151    

DOI:10.1159/000182871

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A group of 38 male recurrent idiopathic calcium stone formers were treated with oral supplements of orthophosphate (1 g phosphorus extra in the diet per day) and followed at intervals up to 4 years. The urinary excretion of calcium decreased (p < 0.001) and that of inorganic phosphate increased (p < 0.001) during treatment. These changes resulted in a small decrease in the supersaturation of urine with respect to calcium oxalate, sufficient to reduce the percentage of urines which exceeded the upper limit of solubility of that salt, and a small increase in the supersaturation of urine with respect to calcium phosphate. The stone episode rate on treatment fell in 35 of the 38 patients from a mean pretreatment value of 0.66 episodes/year to 0.22 episodes/year. The 3 initially most prolific stone formers increased their rate of stone formation during treatment. Plasma biochemistry showed no evidence of parathyroid stimulation.

ISSN:1660-8151    

DOI:10.1159/000182872

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

32 patients (22 biopsed) with lupus nephritis (LN) were observed for circulating immune complexes (IC). Solid phase Clq (SPClq) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation tests were used. The patients were studied during the clinical follow-up in different phases of disease activity. Comparative studies between each histological class of LN and corresponding forms of idiopathic glomerulonephritis (IGN) were made: no significant differences were found between either mesangial LN and stalk mesangial IGN, or between focal proliferative LN an focal proliferative IGN. However, a significant difference was found for SPClq data between diffuse proliferative LN and mesangiocapillary IGN, and between membranous LN and membranous IGN. LN, with an acute nephritic syndrome and hypocomple-mentemia, displayed SPClq data significantly above the levels of IC found in IGN with similar clinical features. IC serum data would seem an important element for the diagnosis and the clinical management of patients affected by LN.

ISSN:1660-8151    

DOI:10.1159/000182873

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

During hemodialysis of heparinized blood without having a patient in the circuit, the serum concentrations of lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and ëosinophil cationic protein (ECP) steadily increased, indicating neutrophil and ëosinophil degranulation. The increments in serum of these granular proteins were more pronounced using plate dialyzers than capillary dialyzers. The release of granule constituents does not seem to reflect merely a sequestration of granulocytes in the dialyzer, since the increase of the serum concentrations of lactic dehydrogenase was very modest. The intracellular contents of lactoferrin, MPO, lysozyme and ECP were reduced after experimental dialysis in the granulocytes isolated from the blood, indicating that the cells in association with degranulation were not entrapped in the dialyzer. The relatively modest increase of the plasma concentrations of lysozyme during experimental hemodialysis, in spite of the reduction of the intracellular content of lysozyme, was explained by the propensity of lysozyme for adhering to the dialysis membrane. Serum samples obtained at different times during dialysis did not induce an enhanced release of granular proteins from isolated granulocytes in vitro. The earlier observed increase during hemodialysis of the serum concentrations of granular proteins in uremic patients can be explained by the dialysis membrane triggering granulocytes to degranulat

ISSN:1660-8151    

DOI:10.1159/000182874

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In order to examine the correlation between immunoglobulin (Ig) classes of immunoglobulins in circulating immune complexes (CIC) and immunoglobulins in glomerular deposits, we have measured CIC of IgG, IgA and IgM classes in various glomerular diseases. Serum CIC were measured using a modified conglutinin binding assay (K assay) using 125I-labeled anti-γ, anti-α and anti-µ antisera. IgA class CIC were detected in more patients with IgA nephropathy than patients with non-IgA nephropathy. There was an association between the presence of IgG deposits in kidneys and the presence of IgG in CIC. Patients with IgA deposits in their kidneys also had IgA class CIC. There was also an association between the presence of IgM deposits in kidneys and the presence of IgM in CIC. These results suggest that the Ig class in CIC and the Ig class in glomerular deposits were correlated, and that in IgA nephropathy the mesangial IgA deposits may be derived from IgA class C

ISSN:1660-8151    

DOI:10.1159/000182875

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Factor XII was measured in the plasma and urine of 16 adult patients with nephrotic syndrome and 10 normal volunteers using a monospeciíic antibody to human factor XII. In addition plasma factor XII procoagulant activity was determined in both groups. Plasma immunoreactive factor XII level was significantly lower in the nephrotic group than the control group. This was associated with a significant reduction of plasma factor XII procoagulant activity. To examine the effect of albumin concentration on factor XII procoagulant activity purified human serum albumin was added in the in vitro system. Manipulation of albumin concentration failed to alter plasma factor XII activity. Considerable amounts of factor XII were recovered in the urine of all but one of the tested nephrotic patients while none were found in the urine of the control group. Plasma factor XII concentration was within normal limits in the single patient whose urine contained no detectable factor XII. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between plasma and urinary factor XII concentrations (r = – 0.79; p < 0.01). In addition, plasma factor XII concentration showed a significant correlation with serum albumin concentration (r = 0.63; p < 0.05). It thus appears that renal losses of this plasma protein contribute to its low plasma concentration in our patien

ISSN:1660-8151    

DOI:10.1159/000182876

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Na+, K+-ATPase activity in erythrocytes (RBC) has been assessed indirectly by the 86Rb uptake method in 10 patients with acute renal failure (ARF), 11 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) on haemodialysis and 13patients treated by kidney transplantation, and compared to age-matched healthy controls. In each patients, the sensitivity of 86Rb uptake to digoxin (IC50) has been measured. Na+, K+-ATPase activity was decreased in patients with ARF and in patients with CRF but not in transplanted patients. IC50 was lowered in transplanted patients. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of the changes in Na+, K+-ATPase activity in RBC of patients with renal failure.

ISSN:1660-8151    

DOI:10.1159/000182877

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Rabbit glomerular cell cultures were established from adolescent and mature rabbits in the absence of antibiotics. Fibroblast growth factor was added to half the cultures. Immune complexes (IC) formed with 125I bovine albumin and rabbit antibody were incubated with 10-day-old cultures for 44 h. Cell-IC interaction was observed in all samples but was increased in cultures without growth factor: the effect was not age dependent. Cells cultured without growth factor had increased surface accumulation of fibronectin. Addition of antifibronectin antibody to cell cultures did not inhibit cell complex interaction. The presence of unlabeled IC reduced labeled IC binding in cultures without growth factor. Binding of IC made with F(ab’)2 fragments exceeded that of IC made with intact IgG. The results suggest IC bind with cultured glomerular cells and the degree of interaction is influenced by the presence of growth factors which alter cell membrane compositio

ISSN:1660-8151    

DOI:10.1159/000182878

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

As the nephron population diminishes and azotemia develops, each remaining nephron adapts and increases its function by as much as 80%. To determine whether this adaption is permanent or transient, a rat model utilizing one remnant kidney and one normal control kidney was used. In stage one, immediately after ligation of the ureter to the control kidney, the glomerular filtration rate in the remnant kidney was 0.185 cm3/min. 1 week after ligation of the ureter to the control kidney, the glomerular filtration rate in the remnant kidney had increased to 0.336 cm3/min (stage two), and 2 weeks later, after removal of the obstruction to the control kidney, the glomerular filtration rate in the remnant kidney was 0.155 cm3/min (stage three), p < 0.01.

ISSN:1660-8151    

DOI:10.1159/000182879

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger