摘要:

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop and validate a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire to classify individuals according to their intakes of retinol andβ‐carotene. Food items for the questionnaire were selected both on the basis of their contribution to total population intake of retinol andβ‐carotene and on the proportion of between‐person variation explained, which was as calculated from data of two study populations in the Netherlands. Thus, 15 products containing retinol and 15 products containingβ‐carotene were selected. These contributed over 90% to the total intake and explained 99% of the variation of retinol andβ‐carotene, respectively. The questionnaire was validated against a dietary history in a population of 82 women (aged 30–49 years). The time elapsed between the two interviews was (on average) 25 days. Spearman rank‐order correlation coefficients comparing the questionnaire with the dietary history were 054, 0.59, and 0.64 for retinol,β‐carotene, and total vitamin A, respectively. The proportion of exact agreement in the two extreme categories of vitamin A intake, based on quintiles, was 56%. The corresponding gross misclassification (from 1 extreme category into the opposite) was 3%. These data indicate that a very short questionnaire can classify subjects into categories according to their vitamin A intake.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635588909514029

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe proliferative status of mouse colonic epithelium, as affected by dietary fibers with or without cholic acid (CA), was studied by autoradiography and the metaphase arrest technique. In the first study, groups of mice were fed natural ingredient (laboratory chow) or semisynthetic diets containing 0% (control) or 0.2% (test) CA. After the mice were fed two weeks, the effect of CA was significantly more pronounced in the semisynthetic diet group than in the natural ingredient diet group with respect to labeled cells/crypt section (7.8±0.8 vs. 2.9±0.4) and mitotic figure (MF)/crypt section (3.0±0.5 vs. 1.8±0.2). In the second study, diets formulated to contain 5 or 10% cellulose (C), pectin (P), or wheat bran (WB) with or without CA (0.2%) were fed to animals for two weeks and colonic proliferative indices were measured. When compared with 5% C group, the 10% WB group exhibited lower labeling index (LI) values (4.2±0.5 vs. 6.4±1.0) and the 10% P group exhibited higher LI values (10.0±1.1 vs. 6.4±1.0). CA‐induced increases in the LI and MF values responded independently in some cases to dietary fiber. Among the CA‐treated groups, only the 10% P diet resulted in lower LI when compared with the 5% C group (p<0.05) (7.4±0.8 vs. 12.5±2.8) but had no effect on MF/crypt section. However, the 5 or 10% WB diet resulted in lower MF values (1.7±0.2 and 1.8±0.6 vs. 2.6±0.3).A long‐term feeding study comparing 10% P with 10% C diets also demonstrated that the LI was elevated in the 10% P group without any effect on the mitotic activity of the colonic epithelium. This paradoxiclal finding suggests that the value of the LI and/or mitotic index as a risk marker of colon carcinogenesis should be further investigated.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635588909514030

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe levels of vitamin A (retinol) and vitamin E were measured in the blood, in tissues of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and in adjacent liver parenchyma. The median values of vitamin A were 11.5μg/g (ranging 0–82.5μg/g) in HCC and 52.1μg/g (ranging 0.4–895.2μg/g) in normal liver tissues; the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). By contrast, there was no significant difference in vitamin E levels between the two tissues. Although the levels of vitamin A were significantly lower in HCC in 10 patients, no significant difference was noted in the cellular retinol binding protein levels in the normal and malignant tissues. These results suggest that the decreased levels of vitamin A in HCC are not due to altered cellular retinol binding protein levels in tumors end the different vitamin A blood supply system. We conclude that either the decreased uptake of vitamin A, but not vitamin E, by HCC cells or the lack of vitamin A‐storing cells in tumors might be responsible for the low levels of vitamin A in HCC.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635588909514031

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Abstractα‐Tocopherol (vitamin E) andβ‐carotene have been shown to be capable of regressing established epidermoid carcinomas of hamster buccal pouch when injected locally into the tumor site. Neither has yet been shown to be effective in regressing cancer when adminstered by oral route. However, a combination of bothα‐tocopherol andβ‐carotene was shown to be effective in regressing epidermoid carcinomas of hamster buccal pouch when the mixture was adminstered orally in vegetable oil.The epidermoid carcinomas were induced in the right buccal pouch of 100 Syrian hamsters by painting three times weekly for 14 weeks with a 0.5% solution of 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]an‐thracene in mineral oil. The animals were then divided into five equal groups of 20 animals. Group 1 animals received no further treatment and represented tumor controls. Group 2 animals received 200μgβ‐carotene and 200μg dl‐α‐tocopherol acid succinate combined in 0.2 ml vegetable oil. Animals received the mixture daily by mouth using a 1‐ml syringe. Groups 3 and 4 receivedβ‐carotene andα‐tocopherol individually in double amounts (400μg in 0.2 ml vegetable oil). Group 5 animals received only the vegetable oil (0.2 ml daily) and were controls for vehicle. The animals in Groups 1,3,4, and 5 were killed after 22 weeks because the tumors were extensive, large, and necrotic and the animals were weak and cachectic. After 22 weeks, the tumors in Group 2 animals were small in 15 out of 20 animals. The tumors were reduced in size compared with tumor burden at 14 weeks, the point at which theβ‐carotene/α‐tocopherol was started.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635588909514032

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractBreast cancer development is believed to be associated with both dietary fat consumption and the proportion of biologically available estradiol in the serum. A study was undertaken to determine if a reduction in fat consumption would influence the binding, and thus the bioavailability, of estradiol.Groups of pre‐and postmenopausal women were randomized to begin either a standard western diet (40% energy from fat) or a low‐fat diet (20% energy from fat). After two months, each woman changed over to the alternate diet. Blood samples were taken at the end of each dietary period. Change of diet made no significant difference to the proportions of nonprotein‐bound (free), albumin‐bound, or sex hormone binding globulin‐bound estradiol in this study. However, the number of women studied and the duration of change were relatively small.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635588909514033

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe role of various life style factors, including dietary habits, in the etiology of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma was investigated using data from a case‐control study conducted in the northeastern part of Italy. This study was done on 208 histologically confirmed non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas and 401 control subjects who were in the hospital for acute, nonimmunologic, or neoptastic conditions. Dietary histories concerned the frequency of consumption per week of alcohol, beverages that contain methylxanthine, and 14 select food items or groups of foods (including major sources of proteins, fat, fibers, and vitamin A in the Italian diet). The consumption of milk, liver, butter, oil (chiefly polyunsaturated oils), coffee, tea, and cola was positively related with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma risk. The consumption of whole‐grain bread and pasta showed a protective effect. When a logistic model was fitted that included the aforementioned food items in addition to major nondietary covariates, all of the foods, except liver and beverages that contain methylxanthine, remained significant. Interestingly, these associations are in agreement with the positive correlation that is emerging internationally between the consumption of fat and proteins and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635588909514034

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractExperiments were performed to investigate whether the type of dietary fat might affect metastasis from the 13762 mammary tumor. Female Fischer 344 retired breeder rats were placed into one of five dietary groups: 23% (wt/wt) and 5% (wt/wt) corn oil (HFCO, LFCO), 20% (wt/wt) and 5% (wt/wt) olive oil (HFOO and LFOO), or 20% (wt/wt) beef tallow (HFBT). After four weeks on the diets, each rat had a 2‐mm3piece of the tumor subcutaneously implanted. Primary tumor growth and body weight were monitored weekly for 40 days. At necropsy, the average volume of pulmonary metastases in the HFCO animals (n= 30) was significantly greater than in the other four groups. Among the four groups that did not differ significantly from each other, the rank order in average volume of pulmonary metastasis was as follows: HFOO (n =25), HFBT (n =26), LFOO (n= 25), and LFCO (n= 18). Growth of the primary tumor did not vary appreciably among the five groups despite the significant difference in pulmonary metastasis volume. The diets varied considerably in fatty acid content; the most salient difference was that the HFCO diet, which stimulated metastasis significantly more than the other diets did, contained about four times more linoleic acid (18:2) than the other diets. The relevance of this difference and other fatty acid differences is discussed. These results suggest that the quality of dietary fat can be an important determinant of pulmonary metastasis from the 13762 mammary tumor in retired breeder rats.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635588909514035

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractIn a large, comprehensive, population‐based case‐control study of colorectal cancer (The Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study), a high intake of sodium was shown to be a statistically significant risk factor for rectal cancer in males (RR = 1.72, p = 0.07; and was close to statistical significance in females (RR = 7.55, p = 0.06). This was independent of previously described dietary risk factors and also independent of the previously described beer risk. A high intake of potassium was protective for both males and females, but this effect disappeared after adjustment was made for the previously described dietary risk factors. A high ratio of dietary potassium to sodium was a statistically significant protective factor in females for both colon and rectal cancer, and the significance of this effect was reduced after adjustment was made for the previously described dietary risk factor (RR for colon cancer = 0.70, p = 0.08; RR for rectal cancer = 0.67, p = 0.08). So far, no biological explanations are available for these associations, and while they are of obvious etiologic interest, they should be interpreted with caution.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635588909514036

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractIn pediatric cancer patients, malnutrition is commonly observed. This may represent the metabolic effect of the primary disease or it may be a consequence of multimodal therapy. This report evaluates the efficacy of using basic anthropometric measurements to predict morbidity during therapy. Twenty children with Wilms’tumor (Stage III, IV, and V) or neuroblastoma (Stage IV) diagnosed at Children's Hospital (Columbus, OH) between January 1983 and December 1985 were evaluated. When compared with the Wilms’tumor patients, the children with neuroblastoma had a significantly lower weight for age at diagnosis. At the completion of therapy, both weight‐for‐height and weight‐for‐age measurements were statistically lower in the neuroblastoma group (p<0.05). Significant differences were observed between the neuroblastoma and Wilms’tumor patients in the morbidity reported during therapy. Children with neuroblastoma had more frequent hospital admissions, spent a much greater proportion of their treatment time as hospital inpatients, experienced longer delays in therapy, and sustained many more complications.Each of the anthropometric indices was evaluated as a predictor of the complications observed during treatment. In the Wilms’tumor group, the patients with lower weight‐for‐height percentiles had an increased incidence of incomplete drug infusions, many more complications, more frequent hospital admissions, and an increase in the percentage of time spent as hospital inpatients. In the neuroblastoma group, the anthropometric measurements had no correlation with the subsequent development of complications. Nutritional staging based on anthropometric measurements recorded at diagnosis may be useful in predicting an increased risk of morbidity during therapy in children with Wilms tumor.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635588909514037

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractPhycotene, an algae extract with known antineoplastic activity, was demonstrated to prolong, but not sustain, an increased survival rate in a murine fibrosarcoma model when it was combined with immunotherapy. It was further shown that splenocytes from phycotene andβ‐carotene‐treated survivors could not confer protection to a fresh tumor cell challenge in virgin mice after adoptive transfer. In a series of cytotoxicity assays, phycotene combined with immunization was demonstrated to enhance cell‐mediated and complement‐dependent cytotoxicity in the first 14–21 days. However, after 21 days, the phycotene and immunization groups exhibited a decreased ability to mediate immune cytotoxicity compared with immunization‐only controls. This may serve to explain the in vivo findings that while survival was increased early on in active immunization and phycotene‐treated mice, it eventually dropped to the level of the active immunization controls.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635588909514038

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor