摘要:

AbstractUsing dietary, blood nutrient, and esophageal cancer mortality data from 65 Chinese counties, we examined several correlations to help provide clues to the influence of diet and nutrition on the geographic variation of esophageal cancer in China. Esophageal cancer mortality was significantly inversely related to reported fruit consumption and to plasma ascorbic acid concentration. The age‐adjusted mortality rates were more than three times higher for counties in the lowest compared with the highest quartile of fruit intake or plasma vitamin C. Positive correlations with intake of moldy vegetables were observed but not with tobacco and alcohol consumption. There were suggestive inverse associations with blood selenium and riboflavin but little effect of fat‐soluble vitamins. Limitations of ecological data preclude causal inferences, but the relationships provide leads to dietary factors that may contribute to the exceptionally high rates of esophageal cancer in several areas of China.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635589009514053

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractA diet history method was tested for reproducibility among 106 older men from the five major ethnic groups (Japanese, Caucasian, Hawaiian, Filipino, and Chinese) of Hawaii. The questionnaire, administered by trained interviewers, was designed to estimate the dietary intakes of total and saturated fat, cholesterol, vitamin A,β‐carotene, vitamin C, and zinc. Subjects were asked to recall their usual frequencies and amounts of consumption during a usual month of more than 100 food items, along with the intake of seasonal foods with a high vitamin A content. A second interview was conducted 1–14 months later to obtain a diet history covering the same time period as the first interview. The same questionnaire was utilized in both interviews. The effects of ethnicity, age, and recall interval (period between the diet reference date and initial interview) on the reproducibility of nutrient intakes were examined. The intraclass correlation coefficient (rI) and the weighted kappa statistic (Kw) were used to assess agreement. The overall levels of reproducibility were relatively good. Neither ethnicity, age, nor length of recall period had a major effect on reproducibility. The data suggested that this diet history method is an appropriate instrument for estimating the usual dietary intakes of a healthy heterogeneous group of older men in Hawaii.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635589009514054

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractAlthough in three different mouse tumor systems with corn oil as dietary fat we previously found that milk protein decreased tumor development compared with beef, the results were reversed in 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH)‐injected mice. The purpose of this study was to determine if the latter result was due to the protein source. BALB/c mice (n = 280) were divided into five diet groups and injected 10 times at weekly intervals with DMH (20 mg/kg wt) or saline. Four diets contained 11% protein (casein, milk, or beef) and 5% fat (corn oil or beef tallow), and the AIN‐76A diet was used as a control diet. The source of fat was a significant modulator of tumor development. Corn oil markedly increased total tumor volume and the number of tumors per mouse compared with beef tallow. Its tumor‐enhancing effects were evident when it was combined with milk but not with casein. In addition, significantly lower lymphoproliferation and T‐cell cytotoxicity against colon tumor cell targets was associated with corn oil consumption, whereas nonfat milk as the protein source was related to normal oxidative burst capacity of phagocytes. These results demonstrate that the source of dietary fat, in addition to the protein source, has a profound effect on both tumor development and immune responsiveness in this animal tumor system.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635589009514055

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractInterpretation of studies comparing the efficacy of different dietary fat sources in promoting 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]‐anthracene (DMBA)‐induced rat mammary tumorigenesis often ignores the fact that about 4% (wt/wt) linoleic acid (18:2n‐6) is required for optimal tumor promotion. We therefore fed DMBA‐intubated or placebo‐intubated female, Sprague‐Dawley rats 20% fat diets containing 18:2n‐6 (wt/wt) from either high‐linoleic safflower oil (SL, 14.6% 18:2n‐6), high‐oleic safflower oil (SO, 3.4% 18:2n‐6), olive oil (OO, 1.1% 18:2n‐6), or OO supplemented with 18:2n‐6 (OL, 3.4% 18:2n‐6) for 16 weeks. Results indicated that OO‐fed rats had longer tumor‐free time, fewer tumors per rat, and lower tumor incidence compared with SO and OL. Addition of 2.3% 18:2n‐6 to OO enhanced tumor promotion (p<0.04); SL, SO, and OL demonstrated similar tumor‐enhancement effect. About 74% of observed mammary tumors were adenocarcinomas; a greater number of tumors appeared in the thoracic and inguinal than in the cervical and abdominal regions irrespective of diet. These results indicate that once an optimal amount of linoleic acid is provided in the diet, oleic‐or linoleic‐rich oils have similar effects on promotion of mammary tumors in the rat.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635589009514056

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractMother rats were allowed to litter under conventional conditions. They were fed a complete, semipurifted diet during gestation, and at time of littering the numbers of pups were reduced to either eight per litter or four per litter in two additional groups. At weaning, all rats were continued on the same diet that their mothers had consumed. One group of those reduced to four per litter at birth was allowed to continue to eat ad libitum while the other group, reduced to four per litter, was pair fed to the ad libitum eight per litter group.The group reduced to four per litter at birth and allowed to eat ad libitum during postnatal life gained the most weight and were heaviest at the termination of the study. This group also had the greater incidence and frequency of colon tumors when exposed to dimethylhydrazine (DMH). The group pair fed to rats fed conventional diets, eight rats per litter, had an incidence and frequency of tumors between the other two groups.These data demonstrate that early exposure to excess calories increased risk for cancer and that early and late excess caloric intake further increased risk. Thus, pre‐and perinatal caloric intake may have a significant influence on susceptability to cancer later in life. Mechanisms are only speculative but may include differences in metabolism and modulation of hormonal balance.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635589009514057

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractDiet concordance and changes in dietary practices by surviving spouses of cancer cases were investigated by studying 69 husband‐wife pairs during an eight‐year period spanning the death from cancer of one spouse. The data base consisted of reports for each cancer case from the Adventist Health Study (AHS) where a surviving spouse was available. Two questions were addressed. 1. Do husbands and wives eat similar diets? 2. Did survivors change their diet practices during the eight‐year period? Three sets of dietary data were compared with the AHS food frequency questionnaire: reports made in 1976 by cases; reports made in 1976 by their spouses (initial); and the spouses’reports in 1984 (current). Diet concordance and dietary changes for 35 key food groups were evaluated both for individual foods and across foods by computing recall scores. The results were analyzed with univariate and multivariate methods. Comparison of means and Spearman rank‐order correlations revealed good initial concordance between the spouses, which was not significantly related to age, sex, or education. However, eight years later subsequent to the deaths of the cases, the agreement was poor because the surviving spouses had changed their diets. The changes in dietary practices were significantly related to education and body mass index in univariate analysis but not in analysis of covariance. These results indicate that retrospective recall by spouses for the cases rather than the spouses’own current reports should be used as an estimate for the deceased cases. Repeated recalls are necessary to increase reliability.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635589009514058

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of dietary calcium, magnesium, and butterfat on intestinal function and flora in rats initiated with 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH) were studied. Male weanling rats were assigned to six isocaloric diets that varied in their levels of calcium and magnesium (0.25% Ca with 0.05% Mg, 1.0% Ca with 0.05% Mg, or 0.625% Ca with 0.50% Mg) and butterfat (5% or 20%). One‐half of the rats in each treatment were injected subcutaneously with DMH weekly for four weeks. This short‐term exposure to DMH increased colonic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and the mass of cecal contents. Ingestion of the high levels of either calcium or magnesium depressed colonic ODC activity and depressed apparent absorption of organic matter, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Ingestion of excess magnesium increased the mass of the cecal contents by twofold, caused hypertrophy of cecal walls, and increased the total amount of protein and total nitroreductase andβ‐glucuronidase activity in the ceca of rats. Ingestion of supplemental calcium had less dramatic effects and increased the mass of cecal contents by only 28% and decreased the total amount of protein in the ceca. On the basis of their different effects on cecal microflora, magnesium appears to have less potential than does calcium as a protective agent against colon cancer.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635589009514059

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe effect of the administration of an extract of garlic (Allium sativum) was studied in mice that were treated with a chronic lethal dose of cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg body wt, 14 days). The intraperitoneal administration of garlic (50 mg/animal, 14 days) along with cyclophosphamide reduced the toxicity of the latter considerably with an increase in life span of more than 70%. The administration of garlic extract did not improve the lymphopenia produced by cyclophosphamide or liver alkaline phosphatase, but there was a significant reduction in liver glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase. Moreover, garlic extract reduced the level of lipid peroxidation induced in the liver by cyclophosphamide administration. Administration of garlic extract did not interfere with the tumor‐reducing activity of cyclophosphamide.

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635589009514060

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0163-5581    

DOI:10.1080/01635589009514052

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor