ISSN:1061-2270    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:2003

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

Executive SummaryBacterial resistance to antibiotics is now both the biggest problem facing physicians today and the biggest factor driving new drug development in the antibacterial sector of the pharmaceutical market. There has been an alarming increase in the number of resistant Gram-positive organisms over the last five years, including:Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis,Enterococcus faecium,Enterococcus faecalisandStreptococcus pneumoniae. Totally new antibiotics are needed to treat organisms that are now resistant to almost all antibiotics available. Unfortunately, there are few new classes of antibiotics on the near horizon, primarily because until recently pharmaceutical companies have not had the incentive to develop them.The emergence of resistant bacterial strains re-ignited activity in the antibacterial drug discovery and development fields, which had stagnated through the late 1960s to mid-1980s. Genomics has created a fundamental paradigm shift in drug discovery. Several bacterial genomes have been fully sequenced and more will follow. Analysis of these complete genomic sequences is discovering many potential drug targets that are driving drug discovery efforts. This is conceptually different to historical antibiotic development over the last 50 years where the drug targets were discovered after the drugs had been developed. The new paradigm provides the best tactic to combat antibiotic resistance. This is mainly because the great majority of existing antibiotics address very limited molecular targets; resistance to one also results in cross-resistance to other antibiotics. Drugs with new chemical entities against new targets will likely enjoy longer product lives than the modified versions of the current antibiotics.The US market is, on average, roughly one-third the size of the worldwide market. In 2001, total antibiotic sales worldwide were $US26 billion; US sales were $US9.5 billion. By the year 2011, the worldwide market will have grown to $US32 billion, and the US market to $US12 billion. The biggest selling class of antibacterials in 2001 was the cephalosporins ($US6.7 billion worldwide), followed by penicillins ($US5.7 billion) and quinolones ($US5.7 billion). In the US market, quinolones are the biggest sellers ($US2.7 billion), followed by cephalosporins ($US2.0 billion), penicillins ($US1.8 billion) and macrolides ($US1.7 billion). By the year 2011, quinolones are anticipated to be the leading antibiotic group on a worldwide basis, with projected sales of over $US10 billion worldwide and $US5 billion in the US.Adis Business Intelligence forecasts that, in general, penicillins and cephalosporins will continue to be major players in the antibacterials marketplace, while macrolides, quinolones, and small-molecule drugs will remain moderate in their influence. One important trend is that the technologies that exist today are likely to exert the same relative influence in 10 years as they do today. Most truly novel drugs and drug classes are in early-stage development and few are likely to enter the pharmaceutical marketplace before 2011.

ISSN:1061-2270    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:2003

数据来源: ADIS

ISSN:1061-2270    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:2003

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

Executive SummaryDue to a growing epidemic of obesity in the US and other developed nations, the obesity market is undergoing strong growth. However, there is a distinct shortage of drugs available to treat the condition and, thus, the race is on in the pharma industry to produce a blockbuster drug. Current therapy for obesity consists of behavioral modification, bariatric surgery and/or pharmaceuticals. Although the first two options are effective for certain individuals, it is generally agreed that effective pharmaceutical therapies are needed to counter the growing obesity epidemic. The two major drugs on the market are Xenical from Roche - which blocks absorption of dietary fat - and Meridia/Reductil, which is an appetite suppressant. These drugs are effective but not dramatically so and they have certain side effects which have limited their use and hence their revenues. The pharmaceutical pipeline for obesity is lean, with only around 15 programs in mid- or late-stage clinical development, including only two in phase III trials.Pharmaceutical Innovationspoke to the experts in the field of obesity to find out their views and predictions for obesity therapy. In general, the feeling was that new and effective antiobesity drugs will be developed but only slowly, due to our current inadequate understanding of the basic physiological and biochemical mechanisms contributing to obesity. One expert likened the current state of obesity therapy to what hypertension therapy was before diuretics were discovered. Most interviewees did not expect to see dramatically effective antiobesity drugs on the market within 10 years. However, Axokine and topiramate were identified as drugs that could make an impact on the market sooner. Two early-stage technologies under intense investigation are melanin-concentrating hormone and the melanocortin system. Gastic stimulation device technology - stimulating the vagus nerve to tell the brain that food intake is adequate - was identified as a non-pharmaceutical technology with great promise, although it is still in early stages of development. Finally, most experts believe that there will never be a single ‘one size fits all’ therapy for obesity - in other words, combination therapies will be required.

ISSN:1061-2270    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:2003

数据来源: ADIS

ISSN:1061-2270    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:2003

数据来源: ADIS

摘要:

Executive SummaryPharmacogenomics holds much promise for the application of genetic information to the improvement of clinical care. Ethical issues for pharmacogenomics arise at the intersection of the spheres of drug development and genetic testing. Clinical drug trial designs that use subject selection based on genotype must consider the features of scientific validity, social value and risk-benefit ratio, and later, the impact of this strategy on postmarketing studies and clinical use of drugs.The testing context for pharmacogenomic tests is different from other genetic tests. However, decisions to use any new clinical tests in medical practice will require evaluation of not only the benefit linked to improved drug use but also the risks arising in part from the scale of testing, predictive value and collateral potential of the genetic test. Integration of pharmacogenomic information into clinical practice will require clinical trials to assess their clinical usefulness, including the impact of tests on therapeutic outcomes. Trials will also be needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of education, informed consent and counseling.

ISSN:1061-2270    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:2003

数据来源: ADIS

ISSN:1061-2270    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:2003

数据来源: ADIS

ISSN:1061-2270    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:2003

数据来源: ADIS

ISSN:1061-2270    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:2003

数据来源: ADIS

ISSN:1061-2270    

出版商:ADIS    

年代:2003

数据来源: ADIS