摘要:

The twentieth anniversary of Earth Day in 1990 indicated that environmentalism has become an enduring and successful social movement and thus has avoided the rapid demise that many movements experience. However, the U.S. environmental movement has changed considerably since 1970, most notably by becoming a much more diverse movement. The contributions to this volume describe the major strands of environmentalism that have developed over the past two decades and, in the process, provide an overview of the evolution of the movement.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380755

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The evolution of national environmental organizations over the past two decades is analyzed, with special attention given to the major organizations that engage in lobbying. The rapid growth experienced by the older organizations and the emergence and subsequent growth of several newer organizations are described. An overview of the activities of these national organizations (including a description of their relationships with one another) is given. Next, the high level of public support for their goals, the unique characteristics of environmental issues, and the efficacy of direct mail recruitment techniques are highlighted as key causes of the organizations’ growth and success. Finally, the organizational consequences of these trends, in the form of staff professionalization and bureaucratization, for the national organizations are examined in some detail.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380756

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In the last decade, environmental activism in local communities has grown dramatically. Unlike the national environmental organizations, which are predominantly white and middle class, local environmental groups draw their members from a broad cross‐section of class and occupational categories. Members of minority groups are active as well, and women often have leadership roles. Unlike the nationals, grassroots groups emphasize protection of public health rather than the environment and often mistrust government and scientists. Local groups have forced cleanup of contaminated dump sites, blocked proposed facilities, and developed support for a preventive approach to environmental contamination. Functioning as self‐help groups, they assist individuals and communities to cope socially and psychologically with toxics disasters. Critics who deride the “not in my back yard”; (NIMBY) perspective of some local groups ignore their contributions to public health and the fact that many groups develop a “not in anyone's back yard”; (NIABY) perspective.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380757

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The principles of deep ecology and its philosophical critique of reform environmentalism are reviewed, and the relationship between deep ecology and radical environmentalism is described. Major radical environmental groups such as Earth First!, Greenpeace, Sea Shepherd Society, and the Rainforest Action Network are analyzed in terms of their organization, strategies, and tactics. The last section includes a discussion of the mounting environmental “counter‐movement”; and possible changes in the radical environmental movement.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380758

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Sociologist Robert Nisbet conjectured that “when the history of the twentieth century is finally written, the single most important social movement of the period will be judged to be environmentalism”; (1982, p. 10). This assessment has been reinforced by subsequent events. Environmental concern has risen to the top of political agendas in the United States and many other countries, becoming a major consideration in international relations. A major force for the globalization of environmental politics in the United States has been the growing international concern of nongovernmental environmental organizations (NGOs). Almost all of the larger environmental NGOs now have significant international programs that attempt to influence public policies. Transnational collaboration between governments and NGOs on environmental issues has become a characteristic of contemporary politics in North America and Western Europe. Global issues such as climate change, ozone depletion, transboundary air and water pollution, endangered species, and uses of outer space will henceforth give an international dimension to national environmental policies.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380759

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In examining changes in the U.S. environmental movement since it emerged 20 years ago, I conclude that the movement has now split into three camps: a radical segment, a mainstream segment, and a segment anxious to seek accommodations with industry. These camps are distinguished by their goals, their attitudes toward government and industry, and the means they use. Other changes have also become clear: weakness in mobilizing for issues other than nature protection, a decline in campaigning capabilities, a lack of articulated vision, and difficulty in getting environmental statutes implemented. Growth in membership and range of activities, as well as public support, have masked these problems. Mainstream groups are confronted with criticism that they can no longer produce real improvements in environmental quality through governmental action. A way to ease the tensions between the camps is suggested, that is, by having the mainstream groups borrow suggestions from the other two camps and focus energies on green consumerism as a way to shift emphasis to a more productive arena, that of directly influencing corporate behavior.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380760

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A comprehensive review of available longitudinal data on public opinion toward environmental issues since 1965 suggests the following conclusions regarding trends in public concern over environmental quality: (a) Environmental concern developed dramatically in the late 1960s and reached a peak with the first Earth Day in 1970; (b) such concern declined considerably in the early 1970s and then more gradually over the rest of the decade, but remained substantial; (c) the 1980s saw a significant and steady increase in both public awareness of the seriousness of environmental problems and in support for environmental protection, with the result that by the twentieth anniversary of Earth Day in 1990, public concern for environmental quality reached unprecedented levels. This supportive public opinion provides a valuable resource for the environmental movement, and the future of the movement will depend heavily on the degree to which environmentalists can effectively mobilize this support.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380761

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380754

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor