摘要:

Water transfers and water markets have become the principal policy mechanisms for reallocating water resources to areas of greatest demand in the western United States . Comparisons and contrasts between our two study areas - the Grand Valley of western Colorado and the San Joaquin Valley portion of Kern County , California - suggest that the ability to implement reforms in regional water uti lization patterns is influenced by specific social and historical contexts within which local populations define and utilize scarce water resources . Consistent with previous literature , the current research found that residents of a water - exporting area were more likely to oppose water transfers than were residents of a water - importing area . Regardless of local context , however , residents in these two distinct areas of the West had strong reservations about free markets as a means of allocating water .

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/089419299279605

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Russian and American wildland preservation systems began at the end of the nine teenth century and have evolved legally and philosophically along parallel but different courses . The Russian scientific / preservationist community worked within a totalitarian , corporatist state , which resulted in the research - oriented zapovednik system of preserves . The American romantic / preservationist movement worked within the confines and liberties of a democratic , pluralist society , which resulted in the recreation - oriented wilderness system . The authors propose that the two systems remained fundamentally distinct from 1919 until the 1970s , but since the mid 1970s , the policy goals and content of the two nations have been converging . This analysis describes convergence theory , reviews the history of zapovednik and wilderness policy , presents the evidence of convergence , and then explains the processes of convergence in protected area policy . The authors conclude that con vergence theory helps policy analysts understand the process of two dissimilar countries adopting similar policy goals and content .

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/089419299279614

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

An interdisciplinary team set out to establish the economic and social values of the Trinity River in northern California . This information was intended to support the Secretary of the Interior's decision on allocation of Trinity River flows . This team set out to measure the values of Trinity River flows , fishery resources , and rec reation amenities in several different ways . A survey was mailed to users of the Trinity River . This single instrument included economic measures ( willingness - to pay and costs incurred in visiting ) and social - psychological measures ( importance , satisfaction , and water allocation preferences ). A closely related survey measured several of these same values among west coast regional households . The results of these surveys were compiled , and the measured economic and social values were compared . We found that integrating economic and social value information pro vides a greater depth of understanding of the resource's value . In addition , this integration provides a more in - depth understanding through the quantitative and qualitative results that emerge .

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/089419299279623

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Approaches to natural resource management based on the integration of community involvement , technical knowledge , and organizational structure and policy objectives are endorsed throughout Australia . The emerging paradigm of resource manage ment supports a more flexible and adaptive approach to address the uncertainty , complexity , and interconnectedness associated with natural resource and human management systems . The translation of this concept into practice , however , is proving difficult , and proactive evaluation should help . But the evaluation of the effectiveness of integrated resource management ( IRM ) approaches both in Aus tralia and internationally is relatively more neglected . This article discusses issues of IRM evaluation and proposes a conceptual evaluation framework that identifies a range of technical , institutional , economic , and social criteria that may influence the success of IRM in practice . This framework should facilitate the proper formu lation of the natural resource management problem and its underlying characteristics .

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/089419299279632

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Addressing unsustainable consumption patterns is an important target for fulfilling the goals set in , among others , Agenda 21 and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( 1993 ). Gender differences in consumption patterns and their environmental impact have so far been poorly investigated . Gender differ ences in traveling patterns in Sweden are explored using data from the National Travel Survey . Such differences are shown to be large , both in terms of distances traveled , modes of transport , and energy consumption and in terms of emissions of CO 2 . The average CO 2 emissions from mens ' mode of transportation was 53 % higher during 1996 compared to the CO 2 emissions from womens' mode of transpor tation during the same year . This is due to the fact that men travel farther , but also because men travel with more energy - demanding vehicles than women . It is argued that those differences cannot be explained by differences in employment rate , but possibly by differences in sectors of employment , holder of a driving license , income , and car ownership . Gender differences in social and cultural aspects affecting environmental impacts from consumption patterns and lifestyles should not be ignored in further work for a sustainable society .

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/089419299279641

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Millennial transitions have long been occasions for reflection and anticipation . This brief article seizes on one such occasion , the coming of the year 2000 , to reflect on the knowledge we have accumulated in understanding human - nature interactions and to speculate about strategies that might best advance this understanding . It argues for a second environmental science where the central focus is on human environment interactions . It further argues that the second environmental science can best be realized via interdisciplinary approaches that are more attentive to the integration of ecology and related sciences with the social sciences .

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/089419299279650

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/713847368

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/713847362

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor