摘要:

A major human dimension in climate change is the management of wastes. Ideal technologies would minimize health and environmental hazards, reduce amounts of wastes, and use energy in the most efficient way, while reducing attendant greenhouse gases. Beyond technology, public policy and research need to be directed to permitting requirements, storage, and deferred treatment of wastes (sequestering) and to encouraging source reduction and recycling. Best management practices will reduce resource consumption and maximize the use of wastes in beneficial ways. The focus on hazardous, municipal and petroleum production wastes is supported by examples from incineration, the use of limestone, and composting. Incineration is flagged as a technology that is in direct conflict with emerging global climate policy. Attention is drawn to the use of limestone as an underestimated source of greenhouse gases. Limestone is widely used in waste management systems and is closely tied to the material standard of living of people everywhere because of its extensive use in manufacturing and agriculture. Policy to convert the organic portion of municipal waste to compost has failed to take into account possible greenhouse consequences. A futuristic “manufacturing ecosystem”; in which clusters of enterprises both produce and feed upon one another's wastestream is suggested as an alternative. Finally, the causal connection between volumes of wastes and climate‐changing gases with production, consumption, and population size is noted.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929309380822

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Advocates for public involvement in environmental planning often herald the use of consensus building among diverse interests to improve decision making. The 42 Great Lakes “Areas of Concern”; use broadly representative citizen advisory committees that work toward consensus about appropriate cleanup actions for affected communities. In 1990, the contributions of these committees and the quality of the public involvement experience were evaluated through four in‐depth case studies using site visits, personal and telephone interviews, document review, and mail questionnaires. Although consensus on planning decisions was rarely reached, the committees generally supported the decisions and perceived the decision‐making process as fair and open. There was a high level of satisfaction with the planning process, and most committee members felt their individual goals were being at least partially met. Participation on a committee proved to be a valuable educational experience for most involved, which may have beneficial implications for future problem‐solving. Local contextual factors such as type of pollution problem and local economic objectives influenced overall committee success. Committees were more successful in community settings where economic and environmental goals were compatible.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929309380823

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Natural resource policy in this country is analyzed, with special reference to national forest management. Past and present public forest management are tied to the individualistic tradition of liberal thought stemming from the Enlightenment. The individualism of the liberal tradition has generated difficulties in natural resource management that affect the major policy approaches of today. Particular attention is given to the individual and the role of the state in contradistinction to mediating communal institutions. The case history presented suggests the value of more holistic, communal policy alternatives.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929309380824

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A brief history of the conflict over the initially voluntary and subsequently mandated turtle excluder devices (TEDs) is given. Using surveys, focused interviews, and documentary evidence, the major stakeholders in the marine environment are profiled. Analysis is focused on the way each party to the environmental controversy over the protection of sea turtles contributed to escalating the conflict. It is argued that contenders for the resource became “captured”; by the conflict in that emphasis shifted away from protecting sea turtles to debating the efficacy of TEDs and continuing the conflict became functional for stakeholders. The “capturing”; process was not limited to user groups (shrimpers and environmentalists), but involved managers and scientists as well. Implications for the management process and the role of science are explored.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929309380825

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The economic impact of the effects of the Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) used in the Gulf of Mexico to control the numbers of turtles caught in shrimp trawl nets is analyzed. This is a major concern to the shrimp fishing economy due to the potential loss of shrimp. A simulation modeling technique is used which estimates the changes in landings, revenues, costs, and the economic rents. A base scenario in which no TEDs are used is compared with five different scenarios where the TED is used by vessels in the Gulf of Mexico. The analysis was based on a single year impact. The implementation of the TED comes with costs to the vessel owners and crew in the Gulf of Mexico. Since the implementation of the TEDs does cause negative rent, it is a certainty, all other things remaining equal, that some vessel owners and crew will leave the industry. The number to leave the industry will depend on how effective they are at learning to use the TED effectively.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929309380826

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929309380827

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929309380828

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929309380821

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor