ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380738

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Irrigation is the major strategy used by ‘'modernizing'’ states in India and throughout the Third World to raise agricultural productivity and surpluses. This paper shows that irrigation is not gender‐neutral, focusing on how canal irrigation affects women's work and lives in Andhra Pradesh, India. First, it delineates the particular consequences for women of state‐sponsored irrigation. It then focuses on transformations in the sexual division of labor, workloads, and the labor process for women of different classes and castes and shows how the economic and physical burdens of agricultural intensification have fallen most heavily on women of agricultural labor and marginal cultivator households. It concludes by suggesting policy measures that can meet poor women's basic livelihood needs and points out that only working class women's organizations will be able to change the preoccupation of the state with modernization, the inequitable distribution of resources, and the stranglehold of patriarchy.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380739

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Forest work is a significant part of the contribution of Lao rural women to the household economy. Women's forest work was studied by interviewing 120 rural women farmer/gatherers in eight villages in one province in central Laos. Women with access to old‐growth forest as well as second‐growth areas use forest products mainly for subsistence purposes, whereas women with access only to second‐growth areas are more commercially oriented and are more likely to sell what they gather. Women's forest work in all cases contributes to the household economy and becomes even more important during poor crop years. It is suggested that women's forest activities, along with women's other work activities, foster their informal influence in household and village.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380740

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Women remain invisible in Peruvian highland irrigation despite their increasing participation in other aspects of political life. Despite norms that define irrigation as men's work, women irrigate crops and contribute labor to system surveillance and maintenance. Women who work in irrigation tend to be members of poor, smallholder households and single heads of households. Their labor contributions are not matched by participation in system management, because, with the bureaucratic transition in highland irrigation, the critical task is no longer controlling water per se, but gaining and controlling access to external resources and government assistance. Interactions with the male‐dominated irrigation bureaucracy are dominated by the paternalistic politics of normalcy, rather than the open, confrontational politics of crisis. With token exceptions, women are informally excluded from these interactions or co‐opted into peripheral roles as users of domestic water.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380741

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This case study, drawn from a rice‐growing region in Madagascar, demonstrates how gender and class differences shape individual access to and control of productive resources. Production strategies differ among the women and men who crop rice on shares and are primarily distinguished by class position and gender. Single women invariably share out the land they own to male croppers, whereas men of all classes may sharecrop land from or to other men. Only wealthy male farmers implement sharecropping as an accumulation strategy. Wealthy female farmers are concerned with mobilizing male labor power in their sharecropping strategies. Poor, landless, female heads of households are the only persons in this study who cannot and do not crop rice on shares and are the most disadvantaged and poorest.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380742

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article presents a model of the relationships in rural Pakistan between women and livestock, fodder, and uncultivated land, and their importance to farming households in rainfed and irrigated fanning areas. In rainfed areas, fodder gathered by women from public, uncultivated land is a key natural resource, making possible the manure production that is essential to agriculture. This resource is reduced in irrigated areas, where agriculture has encroached upon uncultivated land. Women in landed households in irrigated areas can harvest fodder from their own fields, but women in land‐poor households must contend with fodder and fuel shortages that compel them to burn dung. This key natural resource, the fodder gathered by women from wastelands, has not received the attention it deserves. As a result, it and the land whose fertility it helps replenish are vulnerable to development efforts that overlook its existence.

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380743

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380744

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380745

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0894-1920    

DOI:10.1080/08941929109380737

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor