摘要:

AbstractIn integrating ecotoxicology and marine mammalogy two principal themes are conceivable: (1) the impact of contaminants on marine mammals and (2) the feasibility of monitoring marine pollution with marine mammals. Monitoring should be an alert procedure, carried out with a sensitive sensor. Uncertainties in interpreting analyses and the low susceptibility of marine mammals to short‐term changes in pollution, make them inappropriate for pollution monitoring at present.To answer the question whether pollutants affect marine mammals, the occurrence of contaminants and the response of the animals to those chemicals have to be assessed. In studying the occurrence of contaminants it is essential that atmospheric and riverine input, geochemical processes, and processes involved with the occurrence of natural compounds are considered. To investigate the mechanisms by which pollutants affect physiological processes the kinetics of contaminants in the animals and their clinical toxicity effects have to be studied. Comparative reference data on physical and chemical blood parameters facilitates checking for hematological disorders, electrolyte imbalance, serum biochemistry and hormonal changes. Following such a concept the retrospective study of pollution effects on marine mammals might be turned into a predictive approac

ISSN:0824-0469    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1988.tb00190.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBased on a comparative approach using PCB isomer and congener compositions in higher animals and their food organisms, the capacity and mode of PCB metabolism in small cetaceans were studied and the following conclusions were drawn: (1) Small cetaceans can metabolize some of the lower chlorinated biphenyls and this capacity seems to be the same in all species of these animals. (2) The values ofMI, an index to evaluate the capacity of PCB metabolism, showed that the metabolic capacity of small cetaceans was extremely low as compared to those of birds and terrestrial mammals. (3) The structural requirements for PCB metabolism were different in animal species, in that small cetaceans have no capacity to metabolize a group of PCBs with adjacent non‐chlorinatedmetaandparacarbons in biphenyl rings. (4) No development of PB (phenobarbital)‐type enzymes, and a lower activity of MC (3‐methylcholanthrene)‐type enzymes were suggested in small cetaceans, which implies long‐term accumulation and possible reproductive toxicity of persistent organochlorines in these animals. The present approach should provide an important insight into the physiological responses of small cetaceans to persistent toxic

ISSN:0824-0469    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1988.tb00191.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn conjunction with an Hawaiian monk seal,Monachus schauinslandi, breeding enhancement program, fecal samples were examined for the presence of helminth parasite products (eggs, larvae, and proglottids). Eighty‐two samples were examined from four island groups in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands: 38 from Kure Atoll, 32 from French Frigate Shoals, 11 from Laysan Island, and one from Lisianski Island. Identified helminth products include those ofDiphyllobothriumsp.,D. cameroni, Contracaecum turgidum, Anisakissp.,Corynosoma rauschi, and Trematoda. In addition, eggs fromHalarachne laysanae(Atari) were found in 3 samples. Eggs ofC. turgidumwere present in the highest percentage (>64%) of samples from all locations. Eggs ofAnisakissp. and Trematoda are reported from this host for the first tim

ISSN:0824-0469    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1988.tb00192.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSixteen tooth characters were analyzed in 277 specimens of spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) from the eastern tropical Pacific to determine whether the characters were associated with size of the animal, species‐stock membership or geographic location. The tooth characters included 5 continuous measurements and 11 qualitative variables. Statistical analyses of the characters included two‐way ANOVA tests which assessed continuous measurement variables for differences based on stock membership, latitude and longitude of collection or whether the animal was collected north or south of the equator. Principal component analyses combined factors of continuous variables with those of qualitative variables into components which were used as variables in further analyses. Discriminant analyses were performed using continuous variables alone and using principal components as potentially discriminating variables. Results showed that tooth differences were not associated with size but significant differences were found in some tooth variables with stock membership, incremental changes in latitude and whether the animal was collected north or south of the equator. A discriminant function, containing only tooth length, correctly classified 67% of northern and 78% of southern animals according to location of collection north or south of the equa

ISSN:0824-0469    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1988.tb00193.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSightings of white‐sided (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) from survey vessels operating on the continental shelf of the northeastern United States were recorded during spring and fall of six years. Distributions of these sightings were compared with sea surface temperature and salinity, and bottom topography. The apparent geographic distributions of the two species are complementary, although there is a broad overlap. White‐sided dolphins occurred primarily within the Gulf of Maine, but also on Georges Bank and in the mid‐Atlantic region. Common dolphins were abundant within a broad band paralleling the continental slope (100–200 m depth contour) from latitude 35°N to the northeast peak of Georges Bank. Sightings of this species were distributed primarily along the edge of the continental shelf south of 40°N in spring and north of this latitude in fall. Few sightings of common dolphins occurred in the Gulf of Maine.Although both species of dolphins were sighted more frequently in areas of high sea floor relief, white‐sided dolphins occurred in areas where sea surface temperatures and salinities are low while common dolphins were sighted in warmer, more saline waters. However, these environmental conditions may be only secondarily influencing dolphin distribution. Seasonal variation in sea surface temperature and salinity, and local nutrient upwelling in areas of high sea floor relief may affect preferred prey abundances, which in turn may affect dolphin d

ISSN:0824-0469    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1988.tb00194.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRay spines were found associated with various tissues on necropsy of seven Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). In at least six cases they were considered a major factor in the death of the animal. Three matureTursiopshad ray spines located in the lung parenchyma. In two other dolphins the ray spine punctured the lateral chest wall without entering the lung tissue. A sixthTursiopscontained a ray spine located in the liver tissue, while a seventh animal had a ray spine lodged in the pancreas. Five of the dolphins were wild individuals and two had been in captivity for more than one year. These findings indicate that beached dolphins and dolphins in captivity with a chronic history of illness should be examined for the presence of ray spines. Caution should be used in maintaining mixed exhibits of dolphins with stingray species.

ISSN:0824-0469    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1988.tb00195.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0824-0469    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1988.tb00196.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0824-0469    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1988.tb00197.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0824-0469    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1988.tb00198.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book review in this articleDolphin Cognition and Behavior: A Comparative Approach. Ronald J. Schuster‐man, Jeanette A. Thomas and Forrest G. Wood, eds. 1986. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. 393 pp.Guide to the Otoliths of the Bony Fishes of the Northeast Atlantic. Tero Härkönen. Danbiu ApS. Biological Consultants. Hellerup, Denmark. xi + 256 pp. 186. Price $80

ISSN:0824-0469    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1988.tb00199.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY