摘要:

SUMMARYThe stomach contents of 148 elephants, cropped at different times of the year, were analysed chemically as part of a programme of elephant research taking place in 1966 and 1967.On average these samples contained 8.4 g of protein, 1.5 g of fat, 43.5 g of carbohydrate, 35.7 g of fibre and 11.0 g of mineral material in 100 g of their dry matter. The percentage of protein during the dry season was less than half its value during the wet season and calculations suggest that these animals may be deficient in protein at this time.Calculations suggest that the intake of calcium is higher during the dry season than during the wet season, although it is argued that this is not a factor in inducing damage to trees.Analysis of the quality of the dietary fat showed it to contain relatively small amounts of essential poly‐unsaturated fatty acid

ISSN:0141-6707    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1969.tb01197.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe lions of Lake Manyara National Park were observed for 1 1/4 years. About 0.4 lions/km2inhabited the park, a density nearly double that found in Nairobi National Park and Ngorongoro Crater. One group of lions occupied the southern half of the park; in the northern half, the range of two males included two distinct groups of lionesses each of which confined itself to its own area. The composition and changes in composition of each group are discussed. Buffalo were observed to kill a lion cub on three occasions, and elephant were seen to do so once. The lions' most important prey was buffalo, which comprised 62% of the kills, followed by zebra (18%) and impala (12%). Eighty‐one per cent. of the buffalo killed were males. Lions were seen in trees on 2/3 of the occasions on which they were encountered. Possible reasons for tree‐climbing are gi

ISSN:0141-6707    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1969.tb01198.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYDuring 1967–1968 a census was conducted of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornisL.) population in part of the Tsavo ecological unit. The region concerned covers an area of approximately 23,300 km2(9,000 square miles). Large parts of the region were systematically covered in a light aircraft and all rhinoceros observed were recorded on a 1:250,000 map. Because of the visibility bias inherent in such censuses correction factors were placed on the raw aerial data and crude estimates obtained. These crude estimates were then checked by intensive work on the ground in several sectors, and adjustments made where necessary.Using these crude estimates approximately two‐thirds of the area under consideration were stratified into five density strata: very high, high, medium, low, and very low. Within this area 250 randomly located 2.59 km2(1 square mile) plots were intensively searched from the aircraft and all rhinoceros observed on these plots recorded. In the very high, high, and medium density strata these intensive searches resulted, at the 95% level of significance, in a population estimate of 4,200±25% of the mean or an estimate of between 3,150 and 5,255 rhinoceros within these strata. In the low stratum the statistical analysis resulted in a population estimate of 306±83% of the mean or an estimate of between 47 and 565 rhinoceros at the 90% level of significance. In the very low stratum the population estimate, at the 50% level of significance, was 266 ± 50% of the mean or an estimate of between 133 and 400 rhinoceros. A comparison of the crude estimates and the refined statistical estimates illustrates close agreement.The remaining third of the area was covered systematically and correction factors were placed on the raw aerial data. Crude estimates suggest a population of 2,800–3,000 occupying this part of the area. Assuming that this crude estimate, together with the statistical estimates for the low and very low strata, are rough approximations of the actual populations, it is statistically probable that the true population of black rhinoceros in this region lies between 6,130 a

ISSN:0141-6707    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1969.tb01199.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYBlack rhinoceroses were hunted on foot, from a vehicle, or from a helicopter throughout their range of habitats. Animals weighing 370–1,260 kg could be handled an average of 13 min after darting with a mixture of etorphine (1.9 μg/kg) and acepromazine (19 μg/kg). Cases of respiratory depression at this dosage were reversed soon after immobilisation by the intravenous injection of cyprenorphine (1.0 μg/kg). The captured animal was transported to camp, lashed on its side to a sledge, for periods of up to 515 min without mishap. A rhinoceros that was unloaded 180 min after darting rose to its feet and tried to push its way through the corner of the pen until antidote was administered at 215 min. This action was not observed in animals that received a total dose of 3.4 μg/kg of cyprenorphine before being unloaded 90–413 min after darting.The addition of hyoscine (at doses as low as 18 μg/kg) to etorphine and acepromazine improved the tractability of rhinoceroses that were only partially immobilised. However, sometimes at this dosage and always at doses above 35 μg/kg, hyoscine prolonged the ‘pushing’ phase for 175–410 min after darting despite the administration of cyprenorphine (4.0 μg/kg).There were no mortalities due to drug action in the series of 59 healthy rhinoceroses that were dart‐immobilised, but there were two deaths due to mishandling and one caused by subseq

ISSN:0141-6707    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1969.tb01200.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYA study of habitat utilization by buffalo, the dominant grazing species, in Lake Manyara National Park was made against a background description of the vegetation. An account of the various grasslands, including phenological information, has been married to utilization data and rainfall records. The pastures and other furnishings of the environment are shown to be adequate for the animals occurring there, but the area is subject to climatic hazards and great variation in the lake level.Grazing results in the development of a mosaic of long and short grasses, and the significance of this as a means of assessing utilization is explained. It is shown that the quality of different growth stages and species of grasses, optimum utilization versus overgrazing, and the manner in which the pasture can be maintained in full production by being grazed, can be understood by examining the grazing‐induced mosaic.The method for monitoring the use of the different pastures is based on the measurement of leaf‐table height in grazing‐exclusion frames during periods of occupation, compared with that of the grazed grass outside the frames. The data obtained can be plotted as graphs and illustrated diagrammatically as a grazing calendar. This enables some constructive suggestions to be made concerning Park manag

ISSN:0141-6707    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1969.tb01201.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY1. Lechwe herds in the Okavango exist only where the flood plain is of sufficient breadth (over 100 m in the low‐water season) and where open water is present. During the season of greatest breeding activity groups may show either territorial or non‐territorial forms of social organization depending upon the size and degree of fragmentation of the flood plain area occupied.2. Lechwe employ bounding and trotting gaits when frightened or fleeing predators. These gaits seem well suited for rapid movement through shallow water.3. Male courtship behaviour includes the use of an outstretched neck posture, frequent inspection of the female anogenital area, performance of “Laufschlag” and “driving”. The Laufschlag is believed to be a ritualized act derived from the mounting motion. Receptive females display outstretched neck posture with head lowered, hunched body conformation, spreading of hindlegs and curling of tail to one side.4. Most calves are born in the summer months soon after the high waters recede. Young calves are cached in tall riverine vegetation during the day and nursed in early morning and evening.5. The daily activity cycle and other aspects of be

ISSN:0141-6707    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1969.tb01202.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYEleven black rhinoceroses were successfully immobilized, ten of them in the Arusha Chini area of Tanzania and one, a penned animal, near Nairobi. Of the total number, two were immobilized with Etorphine hydrochloride (M. 99) and acetylpromazine; six with a combination of Etorphine, acetylpromazine and a new tranquillizer, Azaperone; and three with Etorphine and Azaperone. In addition, one attempt at immobilization with a relatively new analgesic, Fentanyl, was not satisfactory at the dosage used, the animal being immobilized later with Etorphine and included in the eleven rhino described. Injection was accomplished on the ten Tanzania animals with Cap‐Chur equipment from a helicopter, and on the penned animal with a hand syringe. Specimens and data were collected from the immobilized rhino. They were then loaded into crates, given an antidote (nalorphine hydrobromide) intramuscularly, and then trucked to points of release or to holding pens. Immobilization data, weights, sexes, relative ages, rectal temperatures, respiratory rates and pulse rates are tabulate

ISSN:0141-6707    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1969.tb01203.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0141-6707    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1969.tb01204.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0141-6707    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1969.tb01205.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0141-6707    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1969.tb01206.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY