摘要:

The objective of this article is to analyze the technical potentials, the regional distribution, and the corresponding costs of all renewable energy sources that could be used in the Federal Republic of Germany. Therefore we distinguish among options for producing electricity (hydropower, wind energy, photovoltaic usage of solar energy), options for producing solid and liquid energy carriers (energy plantations), options for using residual products (residual wood, straw, biogas from animal wastes, other organic waste), and options for the direct covering of heat demand (solar and geothermal heating). For these different possibilities the technical energy potentials and the corresponding costs are presented and discussed on the background of the current energy system. Finally, conclusions are drawn about the current chances and the given restrictions of these renewable energy sources in the Federal Republic of Germany.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319408909071

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A multiple-linear-programming (MLP) model is developed for the planning of rural energy system. The system, composed of energy, economy, and ecology, is divided into four connected single-linear-programming models from high to low according to economic classification, departments, trades, products, and energy supply system. Each model is optimized from high to low, and its parameters are then modified by one lower-step optimization from low to high; repetition is continued until the system reaches the final state. Rural Beijing is taken as an example. A three-step model (involving departments, trades, key products, and the energy supply system) is applied to rural energy system planning. A computer is used to obtain the results. After the analysis is completed, the economy and energy plan are delineated and some suggestions for planning are proposed.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319408909072

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In 1987 Stockholm Energi began to build a marketing department with the intention of focusing on the customer. A program for efficient electricity end use was formulated, but a gap has now appeared between the original grand plan and its inferior implementation. First, ambitions were too high. A utility recommends measures, but the customer decides which to undertake. Second, the operative level in the organizational hierarchy interpreted intentions differently from the strategic level. Efforts were rather business related than societal. Third, conditions in the Swedish electricity market were announced as about to change in favor of competition. A political organization is susceptible to modem topics. Stockholm Energi reoriented its efforts, and a desire to be businesslike has taken the place of electricity efficiency.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319408909073

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper introduces rural energy resources (including firewood, crop straw, manure, small hydropower, small coal mines, solar energy, wind energy, ocean energy, geothermal, and human and animal power) and their present applications and consumption in China. Rural energy resource applications and development, and consumption situations as well as potential energy savings, are analyzed. Finally, the present government policies and suggestions for rural energy development are discussed.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319408909074

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper provides a theoretical treatment of some important concepts associated with the production of crude oil, and makes some comments on the present state of the world oil market.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319408909075

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article distinguishes between energy efficiency and the economically efficient use of energy resources. Policies intended to enhance energy efficiency are unlikely to contribute to the economically efficient use of energy and are therefore likely to waste resources. Policies that enhance the economic efficiency with which resources are used may increase or decrease energy efficiency, or leave it unaffected. The implication is that energy efficiency and economic efficiency are different policy goals, one promoting the use of fewer energy resources, the other promoting the efficient use of all resources.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319408909076

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are characteristically highly carcinogenic, microbial recalcitrant, and accumulate easily in soil and groundwater. This contributes to the increasing environmental concern of contamination from PAHs. PAH contamination occurs primarily from leaking underground storage tanks and manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites. In this work, contaminated soil was analyzed for feasibility of cleanup via bioremediation, and selection criteria for the microorganisms were developed for the specificity of a MGP site. The bioremediation process was compared with the ex-situ processes of coal agloflotation, solvent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319408909077

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Several technologies have the potential to effectively remediate soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): solvent extraction, coal-oil agloflotation, supercritical extraction, and bioremediation. Due to the cost effectiveness and in-situ treatment capabilities of bioremediation, studies were conducted to determine the efficiency of Achromobacter sp. to remediate an industrial contaminated soil sample. Specifically, the use of three different mineral salt solutions in conjunction with the Achromobacter sp. was investigated. The molecular identification of the contaminants and their respective levels after remediation were determined using a Hewlett-Packard 1050 HPLC. Preliminary results show a % remediation for the use of two of the mineral salt solutions after 20 days’ treatment. After 8 weeks, the remediation efficiency reached %. Bioremediation was also critically compared to the other potential remediation technologies.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319408909078

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor