ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319008960191

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article presents the results of an assessment of hydrogen production technologies and an evaluation of the technical and economic feasibilities of producing and using hydrogen from renewable resources. Technologies evaluated include biomass gasification and electrolysis of water using electricity generated from a variety of renewable energy sources. It was found that biomass gasification is the most economical process for renewable hydrogen production with methanol generated from synthesis gas, a near-term variant useful as a ground transportation fuel. Electrolysis is the most attractive option for large-scale production of hydrogen, provided cost reductions for the basic expense associated with electricity can be realized. For the long term, photoconversion offers the greatest promise of providing inexpensive hydrogen.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319008960192

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The development of fusion as a future energy alternative continues to be a matter of international importance. Research on controlled thermonuclear fusion began in the 1950s, but the commercial application of this technology may be as far away as 2020 or longer. However, in the 1990s, both in Europe and the United States, experiments are scheduled to demonstrate energy breakeven with about 30 MW of fusion power, and international planning and conceptual design are now under way for a 1,000-MW ignition experiment to begin operation at the end of the 1990's.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319008960193

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Current world oil prices have forced a revaluation of many enhanced oil recovery processes. One very promising approach is the use of low-cost alkaline chemicals combined with surfactants and polymers. It has been determined from the testing of hundreds of oils that acid number and API gravity are simplistic screening criteria and are of very little value in many cases. Oil recovery experiments in the laboratory have resulted in residual oil saturations as low as with the micellar-polymer technology for as little as 10% of the chemical costs. At this time, field applications are still in their early stages, but indications are that this technology has the potential for producing incremental oil for less than $3 per barrel.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319008960194

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Cereal straws are one of the most commonly available lignocellulosic materials that can be converted to different types of fuels and chemical feedstocks through a variety of thermochemical conversion processes. This study provides information on moisture content, bulk density, particle size, heating values, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, ash composition, and ash feasibility characteristics for four cereal straws (wheat, barley, oats, and rye). The type of straw and the crop variety have significant effects on the chemical properties of straw.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319008960195

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A novel approach to bitumen recovery from tar sands using sodium silicate solution and low-power ultrasound was successfully demonstrated (U.S. Patent 4,765,885; 4,891,131) in this laboratory. Elemental analysis indicated that the quality of the bitumen recovered was upgraded by this treatment (the hexane soluble fraction of the recovered bitumen was higher than the raw bitumen). The active compounds responsible for the enhanced oil recovery rate were identified as long-chain fatty acids by GC and FT-IR analyses. Further improvement of this novel approach is possible by introducing reagents that accelerate the degradation reaction of bitumen in the microenvironment of membrane mimetic agents (i.e., the surfactants formed by long-chain fatty acids and sodium silicates).

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319008960196

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A high-pressure coal gasification process development unit (PDU) has been used by the Institute of Gas Technology to study in-sim desulfurization in an ash-agglomerating, fluidiied-bed coal gasifier at elevated pressures. Previous work in this area has been limited to pressures up to about 225 psig. The current work extends this pressure range to 400 psig, well within the pressure range of the combustion turbines now being considered for application in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants. The coal used in this study was Pittsburgh No. 8 bituminous coal, and the sorbent used was New Enterprise limestone. Data were collected and analyzed to determine the effects of gasifier pressure and temperature on sulfur capture within the fluidized bed. The optimum temperature for maximum sulfur removal was determined as a function of the partial pressure of CO2in the fluidized bed.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319008960197

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Nigeria, a major oil producer, is rich in other energy sources. These include wood, coal, gas, tar sands, and hydro power. Although oil has been the most popular, some other energy sources have a longer history. This article discusses the historical trends in the production and utilization of Nigerian energy sources. Wood has the longest history. However, its utilization was limited to domestic cooking. Imported coal was first used in 1896, but it was not discovered in Nigeria until 1909 and was first produced in 1916. Although oil exploration started in 1901, it was first discovered in commercial quantity in 1956 and produced in 1958. Oil thereafter took over the energy scene from coal until 1969, when hydro energy was first produced. Energy consumption has been mainly from hydro. Tar sands account for about 55% of total proven non-renewable reserves. Its development is yet to begin.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319008960198

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A new statistical model for solar irradiance prediction is described. The method makes use of the atmospheric parameterizations as well as a time-series model to forecast a sequence of global irradiance in the 3-10 min time frame. A general literature survey of some of the prominent research of the recent past reveals a definite lack of irradiance models that approach subhourly intervals, especially in the range mentioned. In this article, accurate parameterizations of atmospheric phenomena are used in a prewhitening process so that a time-series model may be used effectively to forecast irradiance components up to an hour in advance in the 3-10 min time intervals. Input requirements are not very restrictive; the model requires only previous global horizontal irradiance measurement at a site. Results show that when compared with actual data at two locations in the southeastern United States, the forecasts are quite accurate, and the model is site-independent. Under some instances, forecasts may be inaccurate when there are sudden transitional changes in the cloud cover moving across the sun. In order for the proposed irradiance model to predict such transitional changes correctly, frequent forecast updates become necessary.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319008960199

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319008960201

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor