摘要:

Two Turkish coals of subbituminous C and high-volatile bituminous rank were subjected to supercritical toluene extraction at 400°C and 100 aim. The solid residues were examined microscopically in order to gain useful insight into the mechanisms involved in supercritical toluene extraction. The disappearance of liptinite macerals is a feature of the optical texture of both coals subjected to the extraction process. Residues of the two coals produced high-reflecting vitroplast. The amount of inertinite macerals in the residues increased and showed higher reflectance. No other alterations were observed for the inertinite macerals in the extraction residues.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908869

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In this article, density estimation procedure is used to calculate the marginal cost of producing electricity after accounting for fixed outages. Two density estimation techniques, the Kernel method and the maximum penalized likelihood method are used to estimate load density. Next, in a production cost modeling framework, both the marginal variable operating cost and the marginal fixed capital cost are calculated for an Indian utility.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908870

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article presents rural energy resources (including firewood, energy forestry and forest energy, crop straw and manure, small hydropower, solar and wind energy, geothermal, human and animal power) and their present applications and consumption in Turkey. Rural energy resource applications and development and consumption situations as well as potential energy savings are analyzed. Finally, government policies and suggestions for rural energy development are discussed.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908871

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Used sunflower oil was blended with grade No. 2-D diesel fuel at a ratio of 20 / 80 (v / v). The fuel blend was tested in a diesel engine with a precombustion chamber at speeds between 1200 and 2100 rpm. The fuel blend and the diesel fuel were rated according to standard test methods. It was found that for short-term use the fuel blend has characteristics similar to those of the baseline diesel fuel and that it displayed less smoke emission than the diesel fuel.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908872

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In the search for fuel alternatives for spark ignition engines, alcohol-gasoline blends draw considerable attention. For a successful application of gasoline-methanol mixtures as motor fuel, the realization of a stable homogeneous liquid phase is one of the major problems. In this work, phase separation problems of methanol-gaso-line mixtures, which were prepared by adding 15% methanol to unleaded gasoline, were solved by using a fusel oil fraction as the new blending agent. The stable fuel alternatives thus prepared were then tested for fuel properties and performance in the engine, and fuel alternatives for the spark ignition engines were proposed.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908873

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Major problems of the arid region are transportation of agricultural products and losses due to spoilage of the products, especially in summer. This work presents the performance of a solar drying system consisting of an air heater and a dryer chamber connected to a greenhouse. The drying system is designed to dry a variety of agricultural products. The effect of air mass flow rate on the drying process is studied. Composite pebbles, which are constructed from cement and sand, are used to store energy for night operation. The pebbles are placed at the bottom of the drying chamber and are charged during the drying process itself. A separate test is done using a simulator, a packed bed storage unit, to find the thermal characteristics of the pebbles during charging and discharging modes with time. Accordingly, the packed bed is analyzed using a heat transfer model with finite difference technique described before and during the charging and discharging processes. Graphs are presented that depict the thermal characteristics and performance of the pebble beds and the drying patterns of different agricultural products. The results show that the amount of energy stored in the pebbles depends on the air mass flow rate, the inlet air temperature, and the properties of the storage materials. The composite pebbles can be used efficiently as storing media.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908874

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A rural system model is presented for computing the output from various components of a rural system. This projection makes use of a set of technical coefficients that relate the inputs to and the outputs from individual segments of the rural production system. While some of the technical coefficients are based on previously published data, a very large number have been quantified on the basis of a careful survey of the rural segment of the Kanyakumari District. The usefulness of the model is illustrated by computing the rural system output.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908875

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The article presents a model for optimum resource allocation in a rural system. Making use of linear programming, the objective function of the linear programming model is to maximize the revenue of the rural system, and optimum resource allocation is made subject to a number of energy- and nonenergy-related constraints relevant to the rural system. The model also quantifies the major yields as well as the by-products of different sectors of the rural economic system.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908876

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The article presents a technique for forecasting future scenarios. The forecast is based on a set of projected inputs for the target year along with a projected set of technical coefficients. The projected inputs and the technical coefficients are arrived at either through a regression of historical data or on the basis of socioeconomic conditions of the study area as brought out by state- or district-level statistical data or through a survey conducted by the author. For some variables the best farm method was also employed for projections. The application of the method is illustrated by projecting a plausible scenario for the rural segment of Kanyakumari District for the year 1995.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908877

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article presents the application of a scenario approach to microleuel planning via impact analysis of various control parameters. The advantage of scenario analysis for microlevel planning is discussed, and scenarios are developed and discussed for analyzing the impact of (1) replacing field crops by plantation crops, (2) introducing energy plantations, (3) introducing fuel-efficient stoves, (4) increasing fertilizer prices, (5) increasing fertilizer application, (6) increasing population growth, (7) drought conditions, and (8) decreasing availability offuelwood.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908878

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor