摘要:

Various strategies are used by oil-importing countries to reduce their economic dependence on imported oil: national oil production, energy conservation, and the change of economic structures from high energy intensity sectors to low ones. In this article, the roles of these different strategies have been identified for 10 selected oil-importing countries in Asia: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Thailand, Hong Kong, R.O Korea, and Taiwan. The results show that most of the selected countries (although Hong Kong and Taiwan are independent economic entities, for simplicity, we refer to them as countries) have succeeded in reducing their national economy dependence on imported oil since 1973. Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and India are among the most successful countries, with more than 40% reduction in their economic dependence on imported oil.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908844

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Ecological energetics involve energy's relationship with the ecosystem. From the standpoint of energetics, it is necessary to express biomass in terms of calories, so that the relationship between the rate of energy flow and average standing biomass can be established. Net annual energy fixation by green plants on diara land at the natural field site I (wild vegetation) was 3,408·53 Kcal m-2y-1and at the mixed cultivated field site II (edible vegetation with wild species) was 19,714·3 Kcal m-2y-1. These values, measured on an area-weighted average basis, were 285·09 × 105KJ ha-1y-1at site I and 5,771·16 × 105KJ ha-1y-1at site II. The energy conserving efficiency was 0·13% at site I and 2·7% at site II. The ecological efficiency of the livestock community was 0·004%, and energy transfer efficiency was 0·14%. The allometric relationship between the biomass component (independent) and caloric content (dependent) was found to be highly significant with standing dead and total biomass at site I and with aboveground parts, standing dead, and total biomass at site II.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908845

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Energy is of great importance in the Canadian economy. Canada is not only the world's largest consumer of energy per capita, but is also a major energy producer, including significant amounts for export. Technology has altered the way Canadians produce and consume energy, increasing the diversity of energy sources, i.e., natural gas, oil, natural gas liquids, coal, hydro, nuclear, and renewables and others. In this article a detailed investigation is carried out to analyze the present situation of Canada's energy resources in terms of energy production and consumption and sectoral energy uses, and simple and effective correlations for their future projections are provided.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908846

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This experimental study investigates the unsteady filtration of a gas condensate system at pressure above the dew point. It is assumed that the motion of a gas condensate mixture in a porous medium at a pressure 1.5—1.7 times higher than the dew point pressure does not comply with gas filtration rules. The results explain the process of forming microembryonics of the new phase, which can be used in project planning as well as during exploitation of gas condensate fields at reservoir pressure.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908847

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in 0.1 M KOH-methanol electrolyte was investigated with a copper electrode at −30, −15, 0, and 15°C. The main products from carbon dioxide by electrochemical reduction were carbon monoxide, formic acid, ethylene, and methane. Under the optimum experimental conditions, 56% Faradaic efficiency carbon monoxide, 23% formic acid, and 10% methane were produced from carbon dioxide by electrochemical reduction. The best ethylene formation (12%) was obtained at −2.2 V and 0°C.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908848

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This preliminary study reports on the concentration of selected elements of environmental concern, such as Be, Cd, F, Hg, Pb, and radionuclides, in subbituminous coals used exclusively for power generation in Alberta. Results show that the concentrations of these elements and radioactive nuclides in the coals studied are low compared to typical concentrations in world coals. The coals are "clean," suitable for use in coal-fired power plants, and their utilization has little impact on the environment. The potential fate of the elements and radionuclides is interpreted only in general terms, mainly by referring to previous studies on the behavior of trace elements and radionuclides during combustion.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908849

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article attempts to assess how a modern urban area consumes energy either directly or indirectly. One of the most important outcomes of this study is a complete picture of an urban energy system, i.e., the entire source-service fuel cycle involving the sources, transportation modes, distribution channels, and consumption pattern of all the energy carriers for a period of 10 years (1980-90) for Bangalore, a city in southern India. The study also led to a detailed end-use analysis of energy carriers, and a source-service matrix is prepared for Bangalore. The impact of energy consumption on forests, environment, transportation, and the economy as a whole is discussed here.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908850

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The amount of deposited pyrolytic carbon (resulting from the cracking of volatile matter) was found to depend on wood species and carbonization conditions, such as temperature and heating rate. Maximum pyrolytic carbon deposition in both the acacia and eucalyptus wood chars has been observed at a carbonization temperature of800°C. Rapid carbonization (higher heating rate) of wood significantly reduces the amount of deposited pyrolytic carbon in resulting chars. Results also indicate that the amount of deposited pyrolytic carbon in acacia wood char is less than that in eucalyptus wood char.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908851

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor