摘要:

The energy industry is defined to include extraction of primary energy resources, production of energy in secondary form, and all intermediate stages. This article provides descriptively and quantitatively the level of energy demand and detailed energy flows in each subsector of the Alberta energy industry.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908836

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Mineralogical and elemental composition of 26 lignites/lignitic shales and their ashes from the Ioannina Basin were examined using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and instrumental neutron activation analysis. Mineralogy consists of quartz, 2:1 interstratified layer silicates, kaolinite, and gypsum, Illite, calcite, amphi-boles, feldspars, and pyrite are the minor minerals in the samples. The major oxides SiO2, Al203, Fe2O3TiO2, and K20 show an enrichment in the upper lignite-bearing interval within the succession, CaO shows the exact reverse trend, and Na2O and MgO do not show any trends. Arsenic in the samples ranges from 2 to 46 ppm, Br from 10 to 25 ppm, CI from 61 to 278 ppm, and Se from 2 to 14 ppm. Vertically, As content decreases from the shallower interval II to the deeper interval I. Within interval II, Cr and Br show a decrease from top to bottom. The concentration of Br and CI is higher in the samples of low mineral matter, while the opposite is true for As. Laterally, there is an increase in Br and CI from the northern to the central part of the basin, an increase of As in an eastern direction, and a decrease of Se in the same direction. Epigenetic processes related to high water table and subsurface water flow from the nearby phosphorite deposits are probably responsible for the high concentration of U, Mo, Sb, and possibly, V. The enrichment of Se is due to leaching from gypsum and/or anhydrite beds in the area. The rare earth elements follow variations in the low-temperature ash, but more specifically, the light REEs tend to mimic variations in Th and Al2O3concentration, and the heavy REEs follow the TiO2variation.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908837

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Restoration of soils contaminated with hydrocarbons and metals is one of the most important problems of environmental protection. During the last 30 years, considerable progress has been made in the development of effective remediation technologies. Modern purging technologies are based on the chemical and biological degradation of contaminants and their conversion to safe forms or to intermediate substances convenient for transport in soils. To accelerate transport of contaminants or their intermediate substances in soils, electrical fields (direct current) are applied to zones being remediated. This allows the volumetric rate of transport to increase ≈ 50-60 times, and the substances to collect at convenient removal sites

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908838

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Performance of solar water heaters in thermosyphonic flow with polypropylene and steel tubes was studied experimentally. An experimental apparatus consisting of 36 south-facing parallel tubes was designed and built especially for this study. Experiments were performed at Sharif University of Technology in Tehran during July-August 1994 from 0900 to 1700, when the ambient temperature varied from 29 to 36°C. Overall, 30 experiments were conducted for both types of tubes. At first, it was found that the best collector slope for both types of tubes was 36° and it is independent of tube type. Generally, it was found that polypropylene tubes under similar conditions can increase water temperature by 10°C more than steel tubes. Based on the results shown in this study, use of polypropylene tubes in solar water heating systems is recommended.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908839

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In order to save our environment from pollution, many techniques are used for identifying oil accumulated on clams along the western coast of the Red Sea. Gas chromatography (GCr, infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrophotometry are three different techniques used to analyze the collected samples, GC chromatograms for oil extracted from these animals indicate that the source of pollution is petroleum, and a few peaks reveal a mixture of biogenic and petrogenic hydrocarbons. These results are confirmed by the characteristic IR spectra profiles, high concentrations of the aromatic compounds, and the UV absorption spectra of these samples.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908840

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The American University of Armenia recently installed a shower system in the ground floor of its building. In this article we examine the economic viability of using an active solar system to heat the showers. Using conventional discounted cash flow analysis as welt as two other economic assessments of the capital investment, we demonstrate that it is economically justifiable to invest in a solar heating system on the basis of the anticipated savings in heating costs over the lifetime of the system.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908841

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Four different types of vegetable oils of Turkish origin (sunflower, com, soybean, and olive oil) were blended with grade 2-D diesel fuel at a ratio of 20/80 (v/v). Blends were investigated in a diesel engine with a precombustion chamber at speeds between 1200 and 2100 rpm. Vegetable oils, diesel fuel, and fuel blends were characterized according to standard test methods. It was found that for short-term use, the fuel blends have engine characteristics similar to the, baseline diesel fuel. Fuel blends also display less smoke emissions than diesel fuel.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908842

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This study describes the hazards of marine oil pollution and associated chemicals and wastes and clarifies the importance of reducing oil inputs in coastal and offshore waters. It includes oil spill responses as well as wastes from offshore petroleum operations. This study is carried out mainly in order to clarify the morphological characteristics of the polluted coastal sediments along the Mediterranean shoreline from Marsa Matrouh to El-Arish.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908843

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor