摘要:

This paper contains an inventory of greenhouse emissions from energy-consuming activities in Jiangsu Province in 1990, following the conventions set in IPCC Guidelines (1995). The inventory data are further analyzed and evaluated. The CO 2 emissions from energy consumption activities are: 53.7 % from the sector of indus tries; 28.4 % from the sector of energy production and transformation; 3.0 % from transportation;13.8 % from small combustion, and 1.0 % from others.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319950014777

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article presents the results of a study on the process of direct catalytic liquefaction of sugar cane bagasse, using ethanol as solvent. A systematic study with 12 different types of commercially available catalysts was accomplished. For each catalyst, the conversion yield of sugar cane bagasse into liquefied products, which are useful as liquid fuels and chemical feedstocks, was determined. The highest conver sion yield was observed when a nickel catalyst on SiO2-Al2 O3 was used. The liquefied products were fractionated into oils, asphaltenes, and asphaltols. The oil samples were separated and then fractionated into eight different chemical classes by preparative liquid chromatography. The highest proportion of light-oils (F1 to F5) was obtained with the potassium fluoride catalyst on silica gel. High proportions of resins (F6) were obtained with three types of catalysts: nickel on SiO2-Al2 O3 , ruthenium, or platinum on activated carbon powder. The highest proportion of asphaltenes (F7) and of asphaltols (F8) were obtained with the niobium oxide catalyst.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319950014786

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This work presents the results of a study of a process of direct catalytic liquefaction of sugar cane bagasse, in aqueous medium, using different pH values. The experiments were conducted in the absence as well as in the presence of commercial catalysts. In the absence of catalyst, the results showed that the conversion of sugar cane bagasse into liquefied products is not influenced by the pH of the reaction mixture. An increase in the temperature augments the yield of liquefied products. The utilization of different commercial catalysts permits an increase in the yields of liquefied products up to 92.4 % , obtained with 10 % palladium on activated carbon powder as catalyst. The liquefied products were fractionated into eight different chemical classes by preparative liquid chromatography (PLC-8 method). In the absence of catalyst, high conversion yields into light-oils and resins (fractions F1 to F6)was observed only at pH 9. When the catalysts were used (at pH 9 and at 370 C), an important increase (from 29 to 78 %) of resins (fraction F6) was observed. Under this condition, the proportion of asphaltenes and asphaltols (fractions F7 and F8) decreases from 70 to 20 %.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319950014795

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A fluidized bed combustor of 0.146 m diameter and 1 m length was fabricated from stainless steel to burn olive cake. Initially, and in order to obtain fluidization, the system was operated under cold conditions using a sand with particle size in the range of 500 to 710 microns. The continuous combustion experiments were carried out under controlled conditions, such that the effects of bed temperature, olive cake feed rate, fluidization velocity, and particle size on combustion efficiency and flue gas composition were investigated. It was found that the combustion efficiency decreases with the bed temperature, fluidization velocity, and the feed rate, while it increases with the particle size used. Further, the gas products analysis carried out using a gas chromatography analyzer have shown a nonmeasured amountof SO2, and small amounts of CO. Finally, the temperature distribution along the bed indicated that the temperature throughout the bed is fairly uniform, demonstrating a good mixing of reactants, which is important for efficient combustion.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319950014803

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The early Miocene Yenimahalle Formation including alluvial-lacustrine sediments and a mineable coal seam with an average of 5 m in thickness rests unconformably upon the basement and is also unconformably overlain by marine limestones of the middle-late Miocene Mut Formation in the Ermenek coal basin. The coal basin in the present study has been subdivided into two areas, Canakci and PamukluTepebasi, which are separated by the basement and a fault, in order to determine coal properties in detail. The investigated subbituminous coals with an average of 0.40 % Ro huminite reflectance often contain gastropod shells (Planorbidae) which commonly maintain the original aragonite and calcite composition. The coals have similar chemical properties and petrographic composition in the two areas, but their sulphur contents are clearly different. In the Canakci area the coals on an air-dried basis contain distinctly less total sulphur (avg. 1.3 %) and organic sulphur contents (0.13 0.15 %) than in the Pamuklu-Tepebasi area (avg. 4.5 % and 4.25 % , respectively). This difference is interpreted to be controlled by mire chemistry and sedimentation during peat formation.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319950014812

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In this study, the potential of important biomass energy sources and animal solid wastes of Turkey were determined and the potential of these as a source of fuel in thermal generating stations to produce electricity was studied. The effects of biomass and lignite coal usage on the environment were reported comparatively. Considering total cereal products and fattyseed plants, approximately 50 65 million tons per year of biomass and 11,051 million tons of solid matter animal waste are produced, and 60 % of biomass is seen as possible to use for energy. The primary energy of applicable biomass was evaluated as 467 623 Peta Joule (PJ) and the energy of animal residues as 50,172 PJ. This amount of energy is equal to 22 27% of Turkey's annual primary energy consumption, (6,308 million tons of oil equivalent).

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319950014821

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

There are manylocations where no measured data on diffuse radiation are available in Turkey, so it has to be estimated from empirical correlations. In order to obtain the diffuse radiation for practical application at various locations, seven theoretical models for calculating the monthly-mean, daily, diffuse radiation as a function of atmospheric parameters were applied to measured data in Trabzon. Results of error analyses and monthly-mean, daily, diffuse calculations are given.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319950014830

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor