摘要:

A 25-liter, no-mix energy-efficient anaerobic digester was designed to act as liquid-solid separator for the production of a fertilizer concentrate and the reduction of pollutants in the effluent. The performance of the no-mix energy-efficient digester was compared to that of a continuous stirred tank reactor at a 20-day hydraulic retention time and six temperature levels within the mesophilic range (20-45°C). The no-mix energy-efficient digester had a higher biogas production rate (32-94%), higher COD reduction (38-63%), and higher solid reduction (64-98%). The sludge obtained from the bottom of the digester had high nitrogen and ash concentrations, while the effluent had no offensive odor.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908908957

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A two-stage, no-mix anaerobic digester of 155 l capacity was used to investigate the feasibility of biogas production and the pollution potential reduction of acid cheese whey. The digester was operated at a 15-day hydraulic retention time and three temperatures (19, 25, 35°C). Both the temperature and pH of the whey had significant effects on the performance of the digester. The quantity and quality of biogas can be improved by controlling the pH of the outlet chamber where the meth-anogenic process takes place.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908908958

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article summarizes the principal characteristics of the natural fluid circulation system at the Sumikawa Geothermal Field in northern Japan and relates them to local geological structure. Extensive two-phase flow prevails at intermediate depths (500 to 1000 m), and a very high transmissivity zone is present below a depth of about 1 km. This zone contains fluids with temperatures exceeding 300°C and is a suitable target for possible future development.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908908959

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The injection of hydrogen or hydrogen-carbon dioxide mixtures provides an additional method for the recovery of heavy oils. By attacking oxygenated and sulfided cross linkages in the molecular structure of the oil, a degree of upgrading is effected, producing flow mobility over the long term. The residence time necessary may be measured in days, weeks, months, or even years. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide can be produced most readily from the (catalytic) steam gasification of coal or other carbonaceous materials and, in particular, of part of the heavy crude itself. The economics are such that costs will be only minor in terms of the net crude oil produced.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908908960

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In this work, under atmospheric pressure and moderate temperature for various periods, e.g., 30, 45, 90, and 135 days, the air oxidation of two Central Anatolian lignites were examined. The structural changes of the lignite samples were observed by analyzing the amount of phenolic hydroxyl carboxyl, and peroxide of the samples oxidized and by comparing the IR spectra of the lignites, both original and oxidized. It was concluded that most of the phenolic structures of the lignites were oxidized into quinonoid structures during the oxidation process.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908908961

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Improved crude oil recovery by chemical flooding has been shown to be dependent on the phase behavior and properties of the microemulsion systems formed when chemicals contact oil. In order to apply this technique for in situ recovery of bitumen from tar sands, it is essential to investigate those chemical formulations that will yield optimum microemulsion phase behavior under typical field conditions. This paper reports the effects of caustic concentration, salinity, and temperature on bitumen emulsification and phase behavior of the middle-phase microemulsion. An optimum NaOH concentration corresponding to a maximum middle-phase volume was attained at a pH of about 13, which is higher than those often reported for crude oils. In contrast to the observed effect of temperature, increased NaCl concentration enhances bitumen emulsification. An acceleration of phase equilibration was also achieved at higher salinity level. Explanation of these results is proposed using information derived from measurements of surface tension and UV absorbance of the caustic-rich phase.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908908962

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908908963

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908945384

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor