ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908908943

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

United States energy policy from 1973 to the present has been a sequence of initiatives based on a strategy of “oil avoidance.” This began with the 1973 oil crisis, when the oil to avoid was from the Middle Eastern suppliers, until today, when the prevailing electrification policies of coal and nuclear power development—the energy options the United States has favored—still predominate. Environmental and capital limits are identified here as the two major constraints within which future policies will likely be framed. Today's policies, however, tend to ignore the continuing need for liquid fuels and the real question of growing demand for motor gasoline. If environmental and capital limits are to provide the criteria for the development of twenty first century energy policy, then energy efficiency in automobiles and buildings, coal use, and oil product pricing are an immediate set of topics with which to begin. However, if the electrification trend is to prevail despite costs and environmental limits, then a path of “most-cost energy strategy” may well have been chosen, with global implications.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908908944

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

After an overview of nuclear energy, with emphasis on recent developments in Western Europe, the current worldwide situation regarding the development of nuclear and radiation protection standards, regulations, recommendations, etc., is briefly reviewed. The main governmental and nongovernmental international organizations attempting to establish harmonized international standards are described, and the review is concluded by a short analysis of the problems faced and an outlook into the future. Although still far from establishing a comprehensive set of universally accepted standards, developments in defining basic safety concepts and requirements by IAEA and the elaboration of specific technical standards in several areas such as radiation protection and the nuclear fuel cycle by ISO/IEC may be viewed with cautious optimism. International standards are an increasingly important factor for improving nuclear and radiation safety, reducing costs, facilitating the across-the-border trade of goods and services and technology transfer to less developed countries, and may contribute to a better public acceptance.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908908945

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A seemingly insatiable demand for energy characterizes Egypt as it approaches the end of the twentieth century. With the limited energy resources in the country, R&D to utilize renewable sources of energy is a must. This paper examines first the energy situation in Egypt and explores the potential of using solar energy in hydrogen production from water. Different schemes of dissociating water are reviewed next. Finally, research findings are reported for some experimental runs carried out for the electrolysis of water by solar energy, utilizing an eight-watt photovoltaic cell (Tetephonken type) to generate the DC current.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908908946

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has been used to study the low temperature oxidation of coal. Specifically, SIMS imaging has been used to study the surface distribution of16O−and18O−after mild oxidation in18O2and to correlate the results with the organic and inorganic regions on the coal. In addition, coal surfaces have been treated with Tollens' reagent and the resulting silver deposition has been used as a probe for specific reactive oxygen functional groups. The results suggest the presence of surface peroxides, as well as an intimate association of reactive oxygen with the mineral apatite.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908908947

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Major oil and gas fields in Japan are located in the area from the central Hokkaido through northeast Honshu. Most productive horizons are generally found in formations of the late Middle Miocene (approximately 12-10 Ma) Onnagawa provincial stage of Japan. These formations are composed mainly of hard mudstone, siliceous shale, diatomaceous mudstone, marlite, and acidic pyroclastic rocks. Source rock potentials in argillaceous rocks of the Miocene Ohdoji Formation in Aomori, the Onnagawa Formation in Akita, and the Lower Teradomari Formation in Niigata show the highest values as compared with other formations in these areas. Average contents of organic carbon and hydrocarbons of siliceous sediments such as diato-mite, siliceous shale, and chert in the Aomori basin indicate the higher values as compared with other argillaceous sediments. Diatoms, which appeared in the late Cretaceous, are the principal primary producers of organic matter in the marine environment during the Cenozoic. Organic components and biological productivity show that diatoms have been the most important source of petroleum during the Neogene in Japan.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908908948

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908318908908949

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor