摘要:

Tea waste was briquetted at ambient and elevated temperatures in a calibrated laboratory hydraulic press using a punc and die set for 5-30 minutes under pressures of 300 800 MPa. The effects of the briquetting pressure on the density, the moisture content, and the compressive strength of the briquetts were examined at different pressures. The optimum moisture contents and compressive strengths were found to be 15-18 % and 36.2-37.1 MPa for tea waste samples. The effect of the briquetting temperature and time on the briquette density of tea waste were determined.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319950014849

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Using vegetable oils as fuel alternatives has economic, environmental, and energy benefits for Turkey. The present work provides insight to the status of vegetable oil fuels in Turkey. A brief historical background of the issue, as well as an up to date review of the research carried out on vegetable oil fuels, is given and the future of their production and application is discussed.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319950014858

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article examines the chemical fractionation (leaching) of elements from the Whitewood Mine subbituminous coals and coal ashes at 120 C, 750 C, and 1000 C. The elements Ba, Zn, and Mn are easily leached from coal by water, ammonium acetate, and hydrochloric acid. Potassium is highly extractable by NH4O acetate but very little with HCl. Hydrochloric acid leaches most of Fe, whereas very small quantities of the element are leached by water or NH4O acetate. Low extractability from coal was noted for Si, Ti, and Cu, an indication of their association with detrital minerals. Extractability of Na from coal was low, which indicates an association with minerals rather than being in the form of exchangeable ions. High leachability for Ca, Sr, and to a certain degree, Mn, Mg, and Na were noted for the 120 C ash samples. Zinc, Ba, S, and P showed a wide variation, reflecting a complex association with carbonate, sulphate, sulphide minerals, and organic matter. Silica, Al, B, Li, Cu, and Mo were completely insoluble. Calcium, Al, Cu, Sr, and Mn were easily extractable from the 750 C coal ash. Copper in coal ash may be in the form of oxide, which is more leachable. High leachability for Al has an implication of potential extraction of the element from coal ash in countries that have no bauxite ore deposits. In the 1000 C ash, S, Zn, and Na were highly leached, whereas Ca, Ba, and Sr were moderately leached. Silica, Al, Fe, K, Mg, Ti, Mn, and Cu showed very low extractability.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319950014867

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In this study the reduction of pollutant emissions from city buses converted to dual fuel operation was investigated. Exhaust emission and fuel consumption maps were obtained under laboratory conditions for an engine converted to CNG diesel fuel operation. These values are then used in the simulation model to predict the total exhaust emission and fuel consumption on a driving cycle evaluated from actual recordings. Calculations showed a significant decrease in PM emissions as expected, while with total CO emissions minor changes have been observed. For dual fuel operation NOx emissions were kept at the same level as in pure diesel operation with retarded pilot injection. Fuel cost calculations showed a decrease up to 30 % with current prices of diesel fuel and CNG.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319950014876

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A brief investigation of the effects of oxidation on the calorific values of three Turkish lignite samples has been made. The lignite samples have been vacuum dried and oxidized in pure oxygen at 35, 45, and 55 C at 100 kPa for 10 days. The calorific values of the oxidized and unoxidized samples have been measured. A relation has been observed between the extent of oxidation and decrease in calorific value. Various possibilities of modelling the relation have been explored.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319950014885

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Large-scale electricity generation provides versatile energy of the highest quality. Today, fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are the primary sources of this energy. However, these fossil energy sources are limited and using fossil energy sources has the undesirable effect of releasing emissions that burden the environment and alter the climate. Therefore, governments and companies all over the world should find new and renewable energy sources. On the other hand, over the past two decades, power station construction programs in the developing countries accounted for nearly 30 % of total public investment. In a large number of these countries, shortages of electricity have become a critical constraint to economic growth. In Turkey, from 1980 to 1995, the amount of electricity generated increased about fourfold from 23,275 Gwh to 86,247 Gwh, and annual growth rates were in the double digits. This is a good development, but not enough for Turkey.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319950014894

出版商:Informa UK Ltd    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor