摘要:

Energy performance-based hookup fees, such as the current “gas-guzzler” tax for automobiles, have been suggested as a promising policy option for promoting energy efficiency in new vehicles, appliances, and buildings. Conceptually, these impact fees force manufacturers to consider the long-term energy implications of the products they produce. The article finds that implementation is not straightforward, particularly with respect to buildings. The absence of an unambiguous measure of a building's relative efficiency, such as the miles-per-gallon (mpg) rating for cars, and the inability to control fee avoidance by fuel switching, impede building hookup fee development. Performance-based impact fees for sewage, water supply, and stormwa-ter are workable, largely because their current fee structures are simpler.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319408909092

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Models used in risk assessment for chemical spills should realistically represent real-world spills. The U.S. law titled Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 mandated risk management. The risk management program may be defined by internal facility documents and encompasses all aspects of the design, operation, and maintenance of a facility handling a regulated substance such as the chemical chlorine. The risk management plan is in addition to reporting requirements under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, also known as Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act. The CAAA requirement makes a distinction between a risk management program, which is internal to the facility, and a risk management plan, which must be submitted to federal, state, and local entities. Chlorine uses and accidents are reviewed. Environmental concerns have also resulted in legislation phasing out many classes of chlorine-based herbicides and pesticides as well as some chlorinated organic solvents. Example chlorine spills are given to illustrate problems in using models for risk assessment. The source term (how the chlorine escapes into the air) may be poorly or inaccurately characterized in most models and may not represent reality. Testing of mitigation technology at places such as the Nevada Spill Test Facility is necessary to develop effective emergency response. To overcome some of these inadequacies, Western Research Institute and Desert Research Institute have planned a series of chlorine evaporation rate measurements to be performed at the Nevada Spill Test Facility in 1994.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319408909093

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper considers marginal cost pricing in terms of the changes proposed for the Swedish electricity system. The conclusion reached is that the proposed changes are unnecessary, since Sweden already has one of the most efficient systems in the world.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319408909094

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The geothermal convector (GTC) is an unconventional system for heat extraction from a geothermal aquifer without fluid withdrawal. In this system a special two-phase thermosyphon is used. This device works with a downhole evaporator and with a condenser at the ground level. The system shares advantages and disadvantages with other downhole heat exchanger plants; for instance, a second well to return geothermal water to the aquifier is not required. Because of the limitations of the natural heal flow in the hot aquifer, however, the device is most suitable for small-to moderate-size applications. In this article, the fundamental elements required to determine the device performance and the thermal design criteria are reported and a GTC prototype is described. Designed for 70°C temperature of the geothermal water and 3 m length of the evaporator, this prototype was recently installed in a geothermal well on the island of Ischia. In this article the results of the first experimental tests are reported.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319408909095

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In 1991, U.S. electric utilities spent $ 1·8 billion on demand-side management (DSM) programs. However, utility DSM efforts vary enormously across the country, concentrated in only a few stales. This concentration is partly a function of regulatory reforms that remove disincentives to utility shareholders for investments in DSM programs. A key component of these reforms is recovery of the net lost revenues caused by utility DSM programs. These lost revenues occur between rate cases when a utility encourages its customers to improve energy efficiency and cut demand. The reduction in sales means that the utility has less revenue to cover its fixed costs.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319408909096

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor