摘要:

Three methods for estimating the petroleum reserves of the conterminous United States devised by M. K. Hubbert have been updated and extended. The results indicate that the ultimate production from onshore areas, excluding Alaska and excluding shale, is of the order of 170 × 10° barrels. Of this amount, about 61% has already been produced. The fields already discovered will ultimately yield about 85% of the total. Unless a miracle develops in offshore, Alaskan, shalelike, or other sources of oil, known or unknown, the United States is headed on a collision course with disaster from oil shortages. Immediate enactment of conservation measures, coupled with large-scale development of alternative energy sources, is required.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317508945945

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1975

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A prerequisite for any energy saving action in an industrial plant is an account of the process energy consumption. The aim is to point out steps in which the energy dissipation is great and there is a good possibility of saving energy. However, some problems still exist. For instance, how to compare thermal and electric energy units and how to measure the energy released or absorbed during a chemical process are areas in which agreement is lacking. In this paper we show how these problems can be overcome. The way here proposed of performing energy accountancy consists of considering only the active part of each energy input or output in the process, i.e., only that part of the different types of energy able to do work. During the process active energy is converted into inert energy, i.e., energy that cannot do work and. hence, can no longer be considered an economic resource.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317508945946

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1975

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

There is a need today for more clean energy than ever before. Oil and gas shortages have made themselves felt during the past year, and these shortages will continue to worsen. Coal is available throughout the United States and can be that source of clean fuels required to make the country self-sufficient in oil and gas. A major impact can be made on oil and gas supplies by substituting in power plants clean fuels derived from coal. This can be done by converting high-sulfur coals into a fuel gas and/or oil of low-sulfur content to meet any environmental requirement. The Char-Oil-Energy Development (COED) process is one method for accomplishing this conversion of coal to clean fuels. It has been developed by the FMC Corporation under contract to the Office of Coal Research (OCR), Department of the Interior. The technology from this OCR program, together with added technology on char gasification, can be adapted for scaling up to a commercially sized plant for generating clean fuels for the power industry.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317508945947

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1975

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The direct production of methane from heavy hydrocarbons and steam, also known as the single reactor concept, is in its early stages of development. The concept was originated at the University of Wyoming and for the last two years has seen considerable attention at the Babcock and Wilcox Company. The product gas from this reaction contains primarily methane as the combustible constituent, therefore showing promise for use as substitute natural gas (SNG). An economic comparison of this concept, in comparison of other gasification processes currently being developed to produce SNG, shows it to be a more attractive process. The main disadvantage is that the concept has not been shown feasible on a continuous basis.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317508945948

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1975

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper discusses the development of hydroelectric pumped storage in the United States and the growing need for peaking power. Energy storage in the form of water stored in a higher reservoir for later release to a lower reservoir to generate electric power is a practical and proved concept. In areas where stored energy is needed, but where no suitable sites are available for conventional pumped storage with both the upper and lower reservoirs above ground, underground pumped storage can be the answer. The feasibility of using underground caverns for the lower reservior in areas that have suitable rock formations is examined here.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317508945949

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1975

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317508945950

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1975

数据来源: Taylor