摘要:

Several calcium compounds have been added to coal gasified in the Synthane Laboratory gasifier at Bruceton, Pennsylvania. Limestone, slaked lime, and quicklime all increase the reactivity of the coal. Carbon conversion and steam decomposition are increased with some additives. The temperature at which the gasified coal starts to sinter is raised. There is also some change in the quality of the polluted water that is condensed after gasification.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317508945938

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1975

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Coal gasification peaked in activity during the 1920s with a large number of U.S. plants making low-BTU gas by fixed-bed gas producers. In some cases, these plants prepared hot raw gas for firing open hearth furnaces and, in other cases, the gases were cooled, scrubbed, and desulfurized for various utility and industrial purposes. Efficient production of clean, low-BTU gas from coal was clearly demonstrated on an industrial scale. However, the technology was not advanced to a point which allowed this gas to later compete with low cost hydrocarbons. Improvement of producer performance could allow gas producers to have strong growth potential in modern economies. Two aspects which deserve attention from research and engineering are (1) capability of utilizing lowest cost coals and (2) capability of enlarging producer gasification capacities.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317508945939

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1975

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The Colorado School of Mines is performing a research contract under the sponsorship of the Office of Coal Research, the State of Colorado, and the Office of Research Services of the Colorado School of Mines to determine the importance of operating variables and raw material properties on coal desulfurization via the solvent refining process.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317508945940

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1975

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A plan is presented whereby a sufficient quantity of safe combustible liquid fuel could be produced annually to satisfy all of our automotive needs. This would make us at once independent of foreign crude oil sources with obvious political advantages. The annual production of as much as 100 billion gallons of ethyl alcohol could be achieved if the already available arable land were planted for just this purpose. Initially, all of the special plantings would be converted directly into alcohol by the well known fermentation process. However, later, when knowledge gained from research now in progress permits the more economical conversion of raw agricultural products to other possibly more useful liquid fuels, the crops needed would be on hand for immediate use. The cost of the alcohol produced is considered to be competitive with gasoline at today's prices, would eliminate the need for rationing, and should be cheaper in the future as crude oil supplies dwindle. Also, a substantial reduction in automotive exhaust pollutants should be experienced since no lead additives for antiknock quality are needed, and in addition, researchers at Stanford University recently found substantial decreases in emissions using methyl alcohol as a reference alcohol. If the program recommended were adopted, it should no longer be necessary to subsidize large landowners for “not growing crops,” a ready market being always on hand. In essence this paper poses the basic question: Can we still afford to provide the world with agricultural crops when the very survival of our nation depends upon our complete energy self sufficiency?

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317508945941

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1975

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The United States is experiencing a declining economy that is clearly linked to a declining energy supply. The declining energy supply, in turn, is traceable to a series of self-imposed political and economic steps taken in an attempt to control prices and improve the environment. Economic recovery can be achieved only when surplus energy once again becomes available at a cost equal to, or lower than, the cost of energy in competitor nations.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317508945942

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1975

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The gasification of coal with steam at mild conditions in the presence of potassium carbonate and a nickel methanation catalyst produces a high-heating-value gaseous product. The single-step conversion is carried out at 650°C and 2-3 atm pressure. Between 60 and 70% of the coal feed is converted to a product gas with an 800–900 BTU/scf heating value. A qualitative discussion of the chemical reactions involved in the overall conversion is presented. During the gasification, some of the sulfur contained in the coal was deposited on the nickel methanation catalyst. Preventive schemes for alleviating this catalyst-poisoning problem were examined. These include in situ use of coal scavengers, catalyst regeneration, use of catalysts resistant to sulfidation, and a prior sulfur removal from the coal. Although each of these approaches provided encouraging results, none completely eliminated the problem. Experimental data showing the extent of the nickel catalyst sulfidation under each of these approaches and with the normal system are presented.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317508945943

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1975

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Among many processes under consideration for flue-gas desulfurization, wet scrubbers that use lime, limestone, or other carbonate materials as the reactant appear to be the most advanced. The quantity of lime, limestone, or other carbonate material required for flue-gas desulfurization for a particular plant would depend on sulfur content and the amount of fuel burned, the type of scrubber system used, and, most important, the level of sulfur oxide emissions permitted for the area.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908317508945944

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1975

数据来源: Taylor