摘要:

Geothermal heal pump systems are a promising new energy technology that has shown rapid increase in usage over the past 10 years in the United States. These systems offer substantial benefits to consumers and utilities in energy (kWh) and demand (kW) savings. The purpose of this study was to determine what existing monitored data were available mainly from electric utilities on heal pump performance, energy savings, and demand reduction for residential, school, and commercial building applications. Information was developed on the status of electric utility marketing programs, barriers to market entry, incentive programs, and benefits.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908827

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Studies at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) have led to the development of a technically and economically feasible, as well as environmentally acceptable, biochemical process for detoxification of geothermal residues. For this process, selected microorganisms that live in extreme environments have served as models for the new biotechnology. Assuming a 2,500-kg / h sludge production rate, the new technology is capable of a better than 80% removal rate of toxic metals, usually in less than a 25-hour period. The process itself depends on a number of flexible parameters, allowing this technology to be tailored to specific needs of different geothermal producing regimes, such as those found in the Salton Sea and the Geysers area of California. Thus geothermal residual sludges and brines can be processed to remove only a few metals, such as arsenic and mercury, or many metals, ranging from valuable metals such as chromium, gold, and silver to radionuclides, such as radium. In some cases, combined metal removal and metal recovery processes may be cost efficient and therefore advantageous. The emerging biotechnology for the treatment of geothermal energy production wastes is versatile and offers a number of application options, which are discussed in the paper.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908828

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The extraction of heat or thermal energy from the Earth—heat mining—has the potential to play a major role as an energy supply technology for the 21st century. This paper looks specifically at the potential for hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal energy in the United States. A generalized multiparameter economic model was developed for optimizing the design and performance of HDR geothermal systems. Assuming reservoir productivity comparable to existing hydrothermal systems, high-grade HDR systems (∇T > 60 °C / km) produce electricity in the 6-7c/ kWherange. For low-grade systems (∇T < 40 ° C / km) to become commercially attractive, much higher reservoir productivity levels and / or substantially lower drilling costs are required.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908829

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper highlights the considerations involved in achieving environmental sustainability in geothermal development. Presented are two equally important parameters, namely, environmental soundness and social acceptability. Discussion on environmental soundness focuses on the most critical protective measures for land, water, and air environments, while concern for social acceptability points to the need for public participation and access to meaningful benefits by sectors that bear the social cost of the project.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908830

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The Tasman Pulp and Paper Company Ltd.'s Mill at Kawerau, New Zealand, has been utilizing geothermal energy for more than 30 years. The mill produces approximately 200,000 tonnes of kraft pulp and 400,000 tonnes of newsprint per annum. Geothermal energy produces 26% of the process steam requirements and 6% of the mill's electrical load. The management of the mill's energy sources is complex and ever changing, which has resulted in unique control strategies being developed over the years to improve efficiencies in the operation of the plant. Complete utilization of the geothermal resource has been the aim of the company and has led to pioneering plant and process developments.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908831

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The distributed fibre optic temperature sensing technique represents a new physical approach for temperature measurements in geosciences. This method was applied for long-term surveying of temperature variations with time caused by injecting and extracting hot water in a 600-m-deep well. The measuring system was installed as a permanent sensor in the annulus between casing and tubings. The injection/ extraction regime was monitored by repeating the measurements euery few weeks. Short-term variations of the temperature during injection and extraction were studied by recording the temperature profile every 1 min over a time period of several hours. Testing shows that the fibre optic temperature sensing technique opens new possibilities for measuring the actual temperature along the entire length of a borehole as welt as for monitoring short-term and long-term temperature variations.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908832

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A recently completed literature review shows that there is a plethora of methods currently available for H2S abatement that may be adapted to geothermal installations. The work reported here is addressed to the problem of obtaining a preliminary assessment of various process options in order to identify those that are the most modem, economically attractive, and commercially significant. A short description of each method and comments on their performance are included. A preliminary evaluation is carried out, on the basis of a set of qualitative criteria, leading to a relatively small number of qualified processes. This selection facilitates the task of rigorously searching for the optimum process(es), for given geothermal field conditions.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908833

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper surveys the geothermal potential in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. It is shown that a significant part of the domestic healing needs of these countries could be met by geothermal resources, which would reduce air pollution in Central Europe. The author discusses the obstacles to the development of geothermal resources, such as unrealistically low energy prices and weak financial and institutional infrastructure, and puts them in the context of the transition of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe from command to market economy. He emphasizes the need for market price reform, new financing mechanisms, and technology transfer to promote geothermal development in the formerly communist countries, as well as the importance of well-prepared pilot projects.

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908834

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0090-8312    

DOI:10.1080/00908319708908835

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor