ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00617.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00618.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00619.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00620.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn increase in the number of preschool children cared for within groups in child care centres has been associated with increasing numbers of women in the workforce. Children at this age are at high risk for gastrointestinal diseases caused by a large number of enteric pathogens, and the risk is increased by the greater potential for person‐to‐person transmission within group care. This report considers the pathogens that may cause diarrhoeal illness in children, with particular reference to those that have been reported in formal day care settings. The major risk factors for transmission of these agents and a high rate of diarrhoeal illness in the child care setting include attendance of non‐toilet‐trained children, staff combining nappy changing and food preparation duties, large enrolment, low staff‐to‐child ratio, and poor hygiene and child handling practices. Investigations undertaken during an outbreak of diarrhoea have frequently used limited diagnostic testing, often suitable for identifying only bacterial and protozoal agents. Such limited investigations have tended to incriminate agents that have prolonged carriage and are easily identifiable in standard microbiology laboratories. Finding a pathogen in these circumstances needs to be interpreted with caution. Prevention and control measures include training and education in good personal hygiene, emphasis on the need for frequent handwashing, separation of change areas from food handling and eating areas, routine cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces and personal items, and exclusion of any child or child care worker wit

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00621.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe authors used data from the New Zealand Household Travel Survey to examine the extent to which children's pedestrian exposure varies with age, sex and household income. Pedestrian injury morbidity data were combined with pedestrian exposure data to examine age‐specific pedestrian injury risk. The annual number of road crossings for girls was greater than that for boys. Pedestrian exposure increased with increasing age. Children aged 5‐9 years in the lowest household income bracket crossed approximately 50% more roads than those in the middle and upper income brackets. However, for children aged 10‐14 years there was little variation with household income. Sex differences in pedestrian injury rates cannot be explained by differences in exposure although increased exposure may partly explain the increased injury rates for children in lower socio‐economic groups. Prevention strategies might aim to reduce pedestrian exposure or alternatively to reduce pedestrian injury risk per unit of exposure by making safer urban living envir

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00622.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDetails of 66 children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy seen over a 20 year period are presented, with comparisons between right and left hemiplegia. There were slightly more right hemiplegics than left hemiplegics. There were minor differences in the frequency of associated problems, but overall there were no major differences between right and left hemiplegics. It is likely that this is due to the greater plasticity of the immature brain. The results of this study are compared with earlier studies of hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00623.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt has been claimed that low protein diets slow deterioration of chronic renal failure (CRF) by reducing renal solute load. The anabolic effect of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) also has potential to reduce renal solute load and thereby slow progression of renal failure. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of rhGH on growth, renal solute load and renal function in children with CRF.Seven prepubertal children, aged 2‐14 years, with moderately severe CRF (creatinine clearance 7.7‐23.4 mL/min per 1.73 m2) were treated with daily subcutaneous rhGH, 1 U/kg per week for 10‐12 months. As expected, mean height velocity standard deviation scores (SDS) increased, from ‐ 2.87 before treatment to + 3.39 on rhGH, and mean height increased from ‐ 3.1 to ‐ 2.4 SDS. Serum urea concentrations decreased in most patients during the first month of growth hormone treatment from a mean of 20.0pm7.7 mmol/L to 14.8pm5.8 mmol/L (P= 0.006). The serum urea then returned to pretreatment levels over the next few months.In the 12 months before treatment with growth hormone, mean creatinine clearance decreased from 19.3 mL/min per 1.73 m2to 16.7 mL/min per 1.73 m2. In the next 12 months on rhGH mean creatinine clearance decreased further to 13.5 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Therefore the rate of deterioration of renal function was unaffected during treatment with growth hormone. Initial treatment with rhGH is associated with decrease in serum urea concentrations in children with CRF, probably mediated by stimulation of anabolic incorporation of dietary nitrogen into body protein. Despite this reduction in renal solute load, renal function deterioration continued unchanged in mo

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00624.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study, based on routinely recorded data, was designed to compare the epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal infants in Western Australia (WA). All cases of SIDS occurring in infants born in WA from 1980 to 1988 were included in the study. There were 66 Aboriginal (6.1 per 1000 live births) and 337 non‐Aboriginal (1.7 per 1000 live births) infants who died from SIDS. It was found that there was a significant linear increase in the Aboriginal SIDS rate over the study period while the non‐Aboriginal rate remained relatively constant. For non‐Aboriginal infants, there was an elevated risk of SIDS for young maternal age, single marital status and male gender but this was not found for Aboriginal infants. There was a significant difference in the age at death distribution for the two populations. Low birthweight and preterm birth were risk factors for both Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal infants. There may be differences in the aetiology and/or classification of SIDS between the two po

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00625.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in the context of total infant mortality for Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal infants. Deaths for infants born in Western Australia from 1980 to 1988 inclusive were ascertained from a total population data base. Infant mortality rates and rates by period and cause of death were calculated for both populations. Aboriginal infants had a mortality rate three times that for non‐Aboriginal infants (23.6 cf. 7.9 per 1000 live births) and both populations showed a similar rate of decline in mortality over the study period. There were differences in the proportion of deaths occurring neonatally and postneonatally in the two populations. In terms of SIDS, 21% of the deaths in Aboriginal infants occurred neonatally compared with 7% for non‐Aboriginal infants. The overall cause of infant death distribution differed significantly between the two populations (P<0.001). During the study period, Aboriginal infants showed a significant increase in deaths due to SIDS and a significant decrease in those due to birth defects and low birthweight. These results suggest it would be useful to review the pathology and diagnosis of sudden unexplained death in in

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00626.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY