ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1985.tb00131.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn nineteenth century Australia, concern to reduce a high infant mortality rate prompted discussion of various alternatives in infant feeding practices. Breast feeding was encouraged, although problems inherent in the practice of wet nursing were highlighted. Warnings against adulterated milk and poorly prepared cereal food were frequent. At the end of the nineteenth century a consensus had been reached which paved the way for the development of the educative initiatives of the infant welfare movement of the twentieth century.

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1985.tb00132.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTypes and rates of childhood accidents are constantly varying. From the point of view of the potential child victim, the danger‐safety equilibrium is disturbed by changes in lifestyles, availability of new consumer goods, and changes in social order. Balance is achieved by the implementation of preventive measures, particularly safety legislation. ‘Old’ hazards affecting children in pre‐industrial societies can re‐emerge at any time as wealthy sophisticated societies aspire to recapture the delights of open space, the water, and ‘country‐style’ living. Age‐specific fatal accident rates are given for Australian children for the period 1960–1982. Whereas the total child (1–14 y) death rate has fallen from 159 per 100 000 (in 1960) to 86 (in 1982), road traffic deaths have risen from 8.3–11.7 (1–4 year olds) and have remained static (8.3–8.9) for 5–14 year old children. Drowning in older children has been reduced, but drownings among toddlers are still high (9.2 in 1960; 11.7 in 1982). The causes of secular trends, and factors which are known to i

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1985.tb00133.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn recent years the auditory brainstem evoked response (BSER) has become an established aid in assessing hearing in unco‐operative subjects. We have reviewed our experience with this technique in 293 infants and children aged less than 11 years. We have found that the threshold for click BSER correlates well with the average audiometric threshold in the 2–4 kHz range. We have had encouraging preliminary experience to support the claim by other workers that 500 Hz stimuli may be used to assess low tone auditory function. In interpreting results it is important to appreciate that hearing levels may fluctuate with disorders such as otitis media and occasionally in cases of meningitis. Caution is also advised in interpreting results in cases where central nervous system pathology capable of affecting auditory pathways is known to ex

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1985.tb00134.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe incidence and type of reactions after administration of plain and adsorbed diphtheria‐tetanus‐pertussis vaccine were recorded in a blind controlled prospective study of 2041 vaccinations in 1075 infants receiving routine childhood immunization. There was no significant difference in the total incidence or type of general reactions after plain and adsorbed vaccine, but local reactions were significantly less frequent after plain vaccine. General reactions were recorded after 41.5% of vaccinations with plain vaccine and after 40.8% of vaccinations with adsorbed vaccine. Local reactions were reported in 66.7% and 76.5% of recipients respectively. The most commonly reported systemic reactions were irritability and fever. Three recipients of plain vaccine and one of adsorbed vaccine suffered hyporesponsiveness or collapse. One recipient of each vaccine suffered a convulsion. No persisting sequelae were recor

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1985.tb00135.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA hospital based multidisciplinary clinic for the assessment of children with school problems was evaluated. Questionnaires were sent to parents and teachers of 44 children seen during the first year of operation of the clinic. The majority of parents found the assessment and report valuable in answering their questions about the child; felt the report was clear and helpful, and the recommendations appropriate and practical. Ninety per cent of recommendations made were implemented. These results indicate that such clinics would seem to be an appropriate way to address the needs of children with school problems, an important segment of the new paediatric morbidity.

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1985.tb00136.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBecause of concerns frequently expressed by members of staff about the annoyance caused by noise in a children's ward, noise levels were measured. These confirmed that ambient and peak levels were well in excess of levels recommended for hospital wards and were often above those recommended for average outdoor situations.The harmful effects of noise in general are discussed with regard to annoyance and the effects on hearing, performance, accident rates, social relationships and sleep. Interviews with members of ward staff confirmed a high degree of worry about noise levels and revealed that machines for ward cleaning were the most annoying noise source, followed by the crying of infants. Patients and parents probably suffer similar annoyance and distress from noise. Possible harmful effects on patients are discussed and measures to reduce noise levels in wards are suggested.

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1985.tb00137.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFive simple tests of autonomic nerve function were studied in 38 children (12.0 years, s.d. = 3.3) with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus and a further 38 age and sex matched controls in order to validate the use of these tests in children. The five tests included one test (immediate heart rate response to standing) previously reported. Compared to controls, diabetics showed a significantly faster heart rate at rest (P= 0.022), a reduced heart rate variation during quiet respiration (P=0.003), a smaller change in heart rate following a single deep breath (P=0.033). The heart rate response to the Valsalva manoeuvre is less suitable for use in children than adults as it requires considerable co‐ordination and co‐operation and it did not correlate with the other tests of autonomic nerve function. The other tests significantly correlated with each other and were quick and easy to perform. They required no special co‐operation and required no special equipment other than a standard ECG machine. Three diabetics had abnormalities in four of the tests (mean heart rate, heart rate variations during quiet respirations, change in heart rate produced by a single deep breath and the previously reported immediate heart rate response to standing). None of the controls had abnormalities in more than two of th

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1985.tb00138.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe birth prevalence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in Western Australia has been around 20 per 10 000 live births with peaks up to 100 per 10 000 in rubella epidemic years. The rate appears to be falling but it is still too soon to know whether the rubella vaccination programme in Western Australia has made a significant impact. The cohorts of young women who would have received the schoolgirl vaccination programme are only now entering the child bearing age groups. Observed falls may be due also to delayed diagnosis particularly of cases of deafness only. The proportion of nonimmune young women who would have been eligible for the programme in one maternity hospital has fallen.This study needs to be repeated to ascertain whether further epidemics of rubella have resulted in peaks of CRS or whether the vaccination programme has started to have an effect.

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1985.tb00139.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA renal lesion has not been previously described in association with spondylometaphyseal dysplasia. A case of nephrotic syndrome with progression to renal failure from focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is described.

ISSN:1034-4810    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1985.tb00140.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY