ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01069.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We report one study investigating how persons are categorized when the targets are presented with contextual cues. Using photos of either persons in occupational clothing and in occupational contexts or photos of college students and without distracting stimuli, the response times to verify various group memberships were tested, with the underlying interest of determining how persons are perceived when the persons are clearly members of multiple categories. Consistent with past research, when using rather simplistic photos, women were categorized as women faster than men were categorized as men. With occupational photos, however, women were not categorized as women faster than men were as men, nor were men categorized by occupation faster than were women, contrary to predictions derived from the ‘white male default' (Zárate&Smith, 1990). Rather, for female stereotypic occupations, female targets were classified by occupation faster than were male targets, while for male stereotypic occupations, male targets were classified by occupation faster than were female targets. Across all comparisons, subjects categorized same‐sex targets faster than other sex targets. Results are discussed for their implications for various person perception mo

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01070.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Based on social identity theory (Tajfel&Turner, 1986) and distributive justice norms (Walster, Berscheid&Walster, 1976), hypotheses were set forth outlining expected changes in social evaluations of resource allocators with changes from interpersonal to intergroup situations. In interpersonal situations, fair allocators were expected to be more favourably evaluated than unfair allocators. This difference was expected to decrease, however, in weak intergroup situations (intergroup attenuation hypothesis) and reverse in strong intergroup situations (intergroup reversal hypothesis). In Expt 1 (N= 126), support for the former hypothesis was predicted and found in the minimal group paradigm. In Expt 2 (N= 82), support for the latter hypothesis was predicted and found following actual intergroup confrontation. In Expt 3 (N= 128), neither hypothesis was supported when the target and the recipients were out‐group members. The discussion extends these hypotheses to other group processes such as leadership endorsement and social influenc

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01071.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper investigates two competing social psychological explanations of a question order (context) effect in surveys. Using the topic of the public's understanding of science, the effect of answering knowledge questions on reported interest in science is measured using a split ballot field experiment in a national survey. The consistency explanation predicts that answering prior knowledge questions will increase reported interest for people who do well on these quizzes, but will decrease reported interest in science for those who do badly. Alternatively, the framing explanation attributes the effect to the content of the quizzes, rather than respondents' performance. This content influences how respondents understand what ‘interest in science' means. Here it is predicted that difficult quizzes will lead to lower reported interest regardless of performance. Our findings support the framing explanation. The implications for questionnaire design are discusse

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01072.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent research on human violence emphasizes the importance of the internal, cognitive processes which influence the perceptions and evaluations involved in the classification of aggression. This study explores how specific social and environmental characteristics of public houses can influence the perception of some bars as being more ‘violence prone’ and some licensees as being more aggressive. Ninety‐six university undergraduates responded to vignettes and photographic information about an aggressive incident in a pub. The results show that judgements of the licensee and the pub atmosphere, together with estimates of incident frequency, are influenced in identifiable ways by manipulation of the physical and social ‘character’ of the setting. These results are discussed in terms of the social and physical symbolism inherent in the pub setting and the notion of person, environment and behaviour ‘fit’. Some implications of the applied importance of the results a

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01073.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article deals with a positive‐negative asymmetry in social discrimination. While social psychological research investigating in‐group favouritism has primarily focused onpositiveevaluations of in‐ and out‐group, a study is presented which examines intergroup differentiation in the positive and in thenegativedomain. In this study, we examine the influence of stimulus valence (positive vs. negative) and size and status differentials on intergroup differentiation. The dependent measures included evaluative attributes which referred either to a status‐related or to a status‐unrelated dimension. As expected, generally there was in‐group favouritism in the positive domain in which inferior minorities showed highest biases. In‐group favouring evaluations in the negative domain appeared only under ‘aggravating’ conditions, i.e. when the in‐group had inferior and minority status. However, while this pattern of findings was true with respect to status‐unrelated measures, there was a mere reproduction of the status manipulations on measures which were related to

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01074.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines the relation between power attributed to members of heterosexual couples and the perception of their personalities in terms of gender stereotyped traits. Three‐hundred and fifty adult, native French subjects (women and men) participated in the study. They attributed daily family tasks and decisions to the target persons; then, they described them on the Bem Sex‐Role Inventory. The results indicated strong correlations between observers' representations of power distribution in the couple and the gender related personality descriptions of the couple. The attribution of ‘instrumental’ traits increased (and ‘expressive’ traits decreased) according to the degree of power assigned to the target person of either sex. On the ‘instrumentality’ dimension, accentuation of perceptions of people in gender role inconsistent positions was also observed. The simultaneous influences of general gender stereotypes and specific relations between the gender roles in dyads on the perception of individuals are discussed. It is proposed that social relations of dominance provide a model for the construction of gender stereotypes and their contextu

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01075.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A number of attitude theories have been proposed recently to explain behaviours subject to thwarting by internal and external impediments. The present research compares the theory of reasoned action, the theory of planned behaviour, a portion of the theory of self‐regulation, and the theory of trying and performs tests of their ability to predict two actions relatively low in perceived behavioural control: exercising and dieting. Respondents were 142 students who participated in a two‐wave survey over a two‐week period. The results indicate that, while attitudes significantly predicted intentions in all theories, subjective norms lead to intentions only under the theory of trying. Further, the effects of past behaviour were not channelled entirely through attitudes, subjective norms, or perceived behavioural control but rather had direct effects on intentions and subsequent behaviour. When past behaviour was taken into account, it was found that the performance of the target acts were not functions of intentions, and perceived behavioural control failed to predict either intentions or behaviour. Desires had strong direct effects on intentions and mediated most of the impact of attitudes. A number of theoretical implications of the findings are disc

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01076.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study examined change in stereotypic perceptions of occupational groups, using a 2 (pattern of presented stereotype inconsistent information: concentrated in a few members vs. dispersed across all members) X 2 (perceived group variability: homogeneous vs. heterogeneous) X 2 (familiarity with the group: familiar vs. unfamiliar) design, following the procedure used by Hewstone, Johnston&Aird (1992). There was no support for the ‘conversion’ model. Stereotype change was generally greater in dispersed than in concentrated conditions, while subtyping was stronger in concentrated than in dispersed conditions. There was limited evidence that familiarity might moderate the effects of pattern of disconfirming information and perceived group variability. Stereotype change was mediated by perceived typicality of disconfirming instances. Results were interpreted in terms of a prototype version of the subtyping model (cf. Hewstone, 1994; Johnston&Hewstone, 19

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01077.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY