摘要:

It is argued that the findings of a study by Sumpton&Gregson (1981) which failed to show a questioner superiority effect for non‐quiz knowledge in the Rosset al.(1977) social roles paradigm were due to implied memory demands. In a replication of the Sumpton&Gregson design, a significant questioner superiority effect was found for non‐quiz knowledge when implied memory demands were minimized. A second experiment provided further evidence for the robustness of the questioner superiority effect by demonstrating persistence of the effect after evidential discrediting. The results are discussed with reference to the behavioural consequences of attributional judgements, the salience and relevance of contextual information, and the generality of the fundamental attribution er

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00687.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous studies of coalition behaviour have failed to find any significant effects of monetary stakes. The study described here proposes a possible explanation for these previous failures and tests this explanation, along with the equal excess model of coalition formation, which makes specific predictions regarding the effects of stakes. Each of 288 four‐person groups played one of two apex games, for either high ($30) or low ($3) monetary stakes. The two games were alike in that the pay‐offs (values) per member were greater in the apex (AB, AC, AD) coalitions than the base (BCD) coalition, and the value of the AB coalition was greater than the values of the other apex coalitions. The games differed in that, compared to the AB coalition, the values of the other apex coalitions were greater in Game 1 than Game 2. Player A thus had better alternatives to the AB coalition in Game 1 than Game 2. As predicted by the equal excess model, in Game 1 the apex player (A) received a larger share of the pay‐off in the AB coalition—but the AB coalition formed less frequently—under high stakes than under low stakes. Contrary to the predictions of the equal excess model, however, monetary stakes had no effect on coalition behaviour in Game 2. The findings suggest that the failure of previous studies to find significant effects for monetary stakes has probably been due to their use of weak stakes manipulations and/or their use of games such as Game 2, in which one of the coalitions has a value per member that is relativ

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00688.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two theories of coalition behaviour, bargaining theory (Komorita&Chertkoff, 1973) and the weighted probability model (Komorita, 1974), were tested utilizing data from a single trial of bargaining. It is proposed that previous studies did not adequately compare the two theories either because they employed aggregate data which masked information relevant to bargaining theory, or because they utilized coalition games which did not provide a sensitive test of the weighted probability model. For coalition preferences and coalitions formed, bargaining theory was superior. Pay‐off division was not predicted well by either theory, although bargaining theory did seem to be based on the proper assumptions about the process involved. In spite of the overall predictive superiority of bargaining theory, anecdotal evidence supported one of the primary assumptions of the weighted probability model—that subjects prefer two‐way coalitions over three‐way coalitions because they are easier to form. It is concluded that a complete picture of coalition behaviour will probably be facilitated by assumptions from both t

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00689.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The role of interpersonal attraction in psychological group formation is discussed. For the social cohesion model attraction and group formation are isomorphic, while the socialidentityapproach identifies self‐categorization as the mechanism of group formation. This paper examines the ‘social attraction hypothesis' (Hogg&Turner, 1985) that interpersonal attraction only leads to group formation if it generates an assumption of common category membership that engages a cognitive process of identification. This hypothesis is experimentally tested in a 2(categorization/no categorization) x 2(idiosyncratically likable‐dislikable others) x 2(positively/negatively distinctive in‐group) factorial design employing the ‘minimal group’ paradigm. As predicted, group formation was found to be a function of the social attractiveness (positive distinctiveness) rather than the personal attractiveness (idiosyncratic likableness) of the in‐group members, and categorization (irrespective of affective relations) also generated group behaviour. Complex interactions revealed the unpredicted finding that individuals spontaneously form a group when aggregated with positively distinctive likable others in the absence of an explicit categorization. Social identity readily provides an explanation in terms of perceptions of interpersonal similarities which are transformed into social similarity and thus cause identification. The results of the study strongly favour the social identity approach to gr

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00690.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One way to begin to construct a taxonomy of social relationships is to compare ongoing relationships to which people in different societies apply different, but somewhat ambiguous, labels. In this study of ‘mateship’ and ‘friendship’ in Australia, 175 persons at three beaches in Adelaide described two ‘mates’ and two ‘friends’ and indicated how frequently they engaged during the previous year in 15 activities with each mate and each friend. Results suggest that (a) persons engage in essentially the same social activities but in different forms of intimacy with mates and friends, (b) relations with friends are less activity‐specific, and thus more intimate, than relations with mates, (c) middle‐class friendship is less activity‐specific, and thus more intimate, than both middle‐class mateship and working‐class friendship, and (d) mateship tends, more than friendship, to be a same‐sex relationship, especially for men and among the working class. These results are discussed within the context of accounts of mateship in Australia and Britain and of the possibly culture‐bound nature of most

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00691.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is argued that if professional codes of ethics are to be effective in preventing unethical actions by psychologists, they should be partly based upon empirical research documenting how participants in our research feel about our research procedures. If, for instance, participants do not object to deception and if being deceived does not make them regard psychological research in a negative light, on what grounds would it be regarded as unethical to deceive them? In order to make informed decisions about the likely consequences of our research procedures upon participants, we need to rest such decisions upon research findings rather than upon professional prejudgements. An exploratory experiment is described which examines the effects of deception, physical discomfort (stress), and experimenter considerateness upon subjects' reactions both to the experiment in which they participated and upon their feelings about psychological research in general. Whilst the manipulations did affect subjects' reactions somewhat adversely, on the whole their reactions were positive. In addition, a direct comparison is made between the reactions of subjects in a passive role‐playing condition (PRPs) and those who actually took part, to see if the reactions of the PRPs could be a useful guide to those of actual participants. If so, then investigators concerned about the possible adverse effects of their research upon participants could use the reactions of PRPs as one criterion by which to judge the ethicality of their proposed research. It was found that PRPs overestimate the degree of stress involved, but are otherwise reasonably accurate in predicting how actual participants feel. Implications of the results for our ethical codes are discusse

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00692.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A series of three studies was designed to test the astrological doctrine of ‘aspects’. In the first, a group of astrologers was asked to specify how personality varies with specific aspects between 32 pairs of planets; these predictions were tested against scores on 10 personality dimensions. In the second, a comparison of ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ aspects was made using multivariate methods. The third study ignored the traditional aspects and simply investigated whether personality varies in any manner as a function of the angular separation between planets at birth. No evidence for the validity of astrological ideas was found in any of th

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00693.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0144-6665    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00694.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY